% \iffalse meta-comment
%
% Copyright (C) 1994-2007 Erik Meijer and any individual authors listed
% elsewhere in this file.
%
% This file is part of the `apacite' package.
% -------------------------------------------
%
% It may be distributed and/or modified under the
% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either
% version 1.3 of this license or (at your option) any later
% version.  The latest version of this license is in:
%
%    http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
%
% and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of
% LaTeX version 2005/12/01 or later.
%
% The `apacite' package consists of the files apacite.dtx and
% apacite.ins, and the following generated files:
% apacite.sty, apacite.bst, apacitex.bst, apa5ex.bib,
% apacite.drv, apacdoc.sty,
% english.apc, dutch.apc,   finnish.apc,  german.apc, ngerman.apc,
% greek.apc,   norsk.apc,   spanish.apc,  swedish.apc.
%
% This work has the LPPL maintenance status `maintained'
%
% The Current Maintainer of this work is Erik Meijer
%
% This file may only be distributed together with a copy of the
% source files of the apacite package, i.e., apacite.dtx and
% apacite.ins. You may however distribute the apacite package without
% the generated files.
%
% \fi
%
% \CheckSum{4973}
% \CharacterTable
%  {Upper-case    \A\B\C\D\E\F\G\H\I\J\K\L\M\N\O\P\Q\R\S\T\U\V\W\X\Y\Z
%   Lower-case    \a\b\c\d\e\f\g\h\i\j\k\l\m\n\o\p\q\r\s\t\u\v\w\x\y\z
%   Digits        \0\1\2\3\4\5\6\7\8\9
%   Exclamation   \!     Double quote  \"     Hash (number) \#
%   Dollar        \$     Percent       \%     Ampersand     \&
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%   Grave accent  \`     Left brace    \{     Vertical bar  \|
%   Right brace   \}     Tilde         \~}
%
% \iffalse
%<*dtx>
\ProvidesFile{apacite.dtx}
   [2007/09/03 v4.00 apacite dtx file]
%</dtx>
%<driver>\ProvidesFile{apacite.drv}
%<package|docpkg>\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}[1999/12/01]
%<package>\ProvidesPackage{apacite}
%<docpkg>\ProvidesPackage{apacdoc}
%<english>\ProvidesFile{english.apc}
%<dutch>\ProvidesFile{dutch.apc}
%<finnish>\ProvidesFile{finnish.apc}
%<german>\ProvidesFile{german.apc}
%<ngerman>\ProvidesFile{ngerman.apc}
%<greek>\ProvidesFile{greek.apc}
%<norsk>\ProvidesFile{norsk.apc}
%<spanish>\ProvidesFile{spanish.apc}
%<swedish>\ProvidesFile{swedish.apc}
%<bibdb>%% apa5ex.bib
%<bibstyle>%% apacite.bst
%<xbibstyle>%% apacitex.bst
%^^A
%^^A I have to find out how I can replace the hard-coded date+version with a command
%^^A such that the value of the command is written to the file instead of the name.
%^^A
%<driver>   [2007/09/03 v4.00 apacite documentation driver file]
%<package>   [2007/09/03 v4.00 APA citation]
%<docpkg>   [2007/09/03 v4.00 apacite documentation style]
%<english>   [2007/09/03 v4.00 apacite language file]
%<dutch>   [2007/09/03 v4.00 apacite language file]
%<finnish>   [2007/09/03 v4.00 apacite language file]
%<german>   [2007/09/03 v4.00 apacite language file]
%<ngerman>   [2007/09/03 v4.00 apacite language file]
%<greek>   [2007/09/03 v4.00 apacite language file]
%<norsk>   [2007/09/03 v4.00 apacite language file]
%<spanish>   [2007/09/03 v4.00 apacite language file]
%<swedish>   [2007/09/03 v4.00 apacite language file]
%<bibdb>%%   [2007/09/03 v4.00 bibliography database for apacite manual]
%<bibstyle>%%   [2007/09/03 v4.00 APA bibliography style]
%<xbibstyle>%%  [2007/09/03 v4.00 APA bibl. style with author index info]
%
%<*install>
%^^A =============================================
%^^A    Here is the docstrip installation file
%^^A    It is written on first LaTeX run if it
%^^A    does not already exist
%^^A =============================================
\begin{filecontents*}{apacite.ins}
%%
%% This file will generate fast loadable files and documentation
%% driver files from apacite.dtx when run through LaTeX.
%%
%% Copyright (C) 1994-2007 Erik Meijer and any individual authors listed
%% elsewhere in this file.
%%
%% This file is part of the `apacite' package.
%% -------------------------------------------
%%
%% It may be distributed and/or modified under the
%% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either
%% version 1.3 of this license or (at your option) any later
%% version.  The latest version of this license is in:
%%
%%    http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
%%
%% and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of
%% LaTeX version 2005/12/01 or later.
%%
%% The `apacite' package consists of the files apacite.dtx and
%% apacite.ins, and the following generated files:
%% apacite.sty, apacite.bst, apacitex.bst, apa5ex.bib,
%% apacite.drv, apacdoc.sty,
%% english.apc, dutch.apc,   finnish.apc,  german.apc, ngerman.apc,
%% greek.apc,   norsk.apc,   spanish.apc,  swedish.apc.
%%
%% This work has the LPPL maintenance status `maintained'
%%
%% The Current Maintainer of this work is Erik Meijer
%%
%% This file may only be distributed together with a copy of the
%% source files of the apacite package, i.e., apacite.dtx and
%% apacite.ins. You may however distribute the apacite package without
%% the generated files.

\input docstrip.tex
\keepsilent

\declarepreamble\mainpreamble

This is a generated file.

Copyright (C) 1994-2007 Erik Meijer and any individual authors listed
elsewhere in this file.

This file is part of the `apacite' package.
-------------------------------------------

It may be distributed and/or modified under the
conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either
version 1.3 of this license or (at your option) any later
version.  The latest version of this license is in:

   http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt

and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of
LaTeX version 2005/12/01 or later.

The `apacite' package consists of the files apacite.dtx and
apacite.ins, and the following generated files:
apacite.sty, apacite.bst, apacitex.bst, apa5ex.bib,
apacite.drv, apacdoc.sty,
english.apc, dutch.apc,   finnish.apc,  german.apc, ngerman.apc,
greek.apc,   norsk.apc,   spanish.apc,  swedish.apc.

This work has the LPPL maintenance status `maintained'

The Current Maintainer of this work is Erik Meijer

This file may only be distributed together with a copy of the
source files of the apacite package, i.e., apacite.dtx and
apacite.ins. You may however distribute the apacite package without
the generated files.

\endpreamble

\declarepreamble\drvpreamble

This is a generated file.

Copyright (C) 1994-2007 Erik Meijer and any individual authors listed
elsewhere in this file.

This file is part of the `apacite' package.
-------------------------------------------

It may be distributed and/or modified under the
conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either
version 1.3 of this license or (at your option) any later
version.  The latest version of this license is in:

   http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt

and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of
LaTeX version 2005/12/01 or later.

The `apacite' package consists of the files apacite.dtx and
apacite.ins, and the following generated files:
apacite.sty, apacite.bst, apacitex.bst, apa5ex.bib,
apacite.drv, apacdoc.sty,
english.apc, dutch.apc,   finnish.apc,  german.apc, ngerman.apc,
greek.apc,   norsk.apc,   spanish.apc,  swedish.apc.

This work has the LPPL maintenance status `maintained'

The Current Maintainer of this work is Erik Meijer

This file may only be distributed together with a copy of the
source files of the apacite package, i.e., apacite.dtx and
apacite.ins. You may however distribute the apacite package without
the generated files.

You are allowed to make changes to this file, in order to generate
the user's manual with your preferred settings (e.g., to choose
whether or not to include the documented source code). Please
do not change apacite.dtx for this purpose.

\endpreamble

\edef\noendinputpostamble{%
  \MetaPrefix ^^J%
  \MetaPrefix\space End of file `\outFileName'.%
}

\askonceonly
\generate{%
  \usepreamble\mainpreamble
  \file{apacite.sty}{\from{apacite.dtx}{package}}
  \file{apacdoc.sty}{\from{apacite.dtx}{docpkg}}
  \file{english.apc}{\from{apacite.dtx}{english}}
  \file{dutch.apc}{\from{apacite.dtx}{dutch}}
  \file{finnish.apc}{\from{apacite.dtx}{finnish}}
  \file{german.apc}{\from{apacite.dtx}{german}}
  \file{ngerman.apc}{\from{apacite.dtx}{ngerman}}
  \file{greek.apc}{\from{apacite.dtx}{greek}}
  \file{norsk.apc}{\from{apacite.dtx}{norsk}}
  \file{spanish.apc}{\from{apacite.dtx}{spanish}}
  \file{swedish.apc}{\from{apacite.dtx}{swedish}}
  \usepreamble\drvpreamble
  \file{apacite.drv}{\from{apacite.dtx}{driver}}
  \usepreamble\mainpreamble
  \usepostamble\noendinputpostamble
  \file{apa5ex.bib}{\from{apacite.dtx}{bibdb}}
  \file{apacite.bst}{\from{apacite.dtx}{bibstyle}}
  \file{apacitex.bst}{\from{apacite.dtx}{xbibstyle}}
}

\obeyspaces
\Msg{*****************************************************}
\Msg{*                                                   *}
\Msg{* To finish the installation you have to move the   *}
\Msg{* following files into a directory searched by TeX: *}
\Msg{*                                                   *}
\Msg{*     All *.apc, *.sty                              *}
\Msg{*                                                   *}
\Msg{* and to move the following files into a directory  *}
\Msg{* searched by BibTeX:                               *}
\Msg{*                                                   *}
\Msg{*     All *.bib, *.bst                              *}
\Msg{*                                                   *}
\Msg{* To produce the documentation, run the following   *}
\Msg{* script (or something similar, depending on your   *}
\Msg{* operating system):                                *}
\Msg{*                                                   *}
\Msg{*  pdflatex apacite.drv                             *}
\Msg{*  bibtex   apacite                                 *}
\Msg{*  pdflatex apacite.drv                             *}
\Msg{*  pdflatex apacite.drv                             *}
\Msg{*  pdflatex apacite.drv                             *}
\Msg{*  makeindex -o apacite.and apacite.adx             *}
\Msg{*  pdflatex apacite.drv                             *}
\Msg{*  pdflatex apacite.drv                             *}
\Msg{*                                                   *}
\Msg{* See the README file for a brief explanation and   *}
\Msg{* the file apacite.drv for how to customize the     *}
\Msg{* manual (e.g., to include the documented source    *}
\Msg{* code.                                             *}
\Msg{*                                                   *}
\Msg{* Happy TeXing!                                     *}
\Msg{*                                                   *}
\Msg{*****************************************************}

\endbatchfile
\end{filecontents*}
%</install>
%<*gobble>
\IfFileExists{apacdoc.sty}{%
    \let\finishprematurely\relax
}{%
    \typeout{**************************************************%
             ********************}%
    \typeout{*}%
    \typeout{* To extract the package, style, and support files
             of apacite,}%
    \typeout{* run TeX on apacite.ins}%
    \typeout{*}%
    \typeout{* To (re)generate the apacite documentation, first
             run TeX on}%
    \typeout{* apacite.ins and then run LaTeX on apacite.drv
             or apacite.dtx}%
    \typeout{*}%
    \typeout{**************************************************%
             ********************^^J}%
    \makeatletter
    \edef\finishprematurely{\csname @@end\endcsname}%
    \makeatother
}
\finishprematurely
%</gobble>
% \fi
%
% \DoNotIndex{\begin,\CodelineIndex,\CodelineNumbered,\def,\DisableCrossrefs}
% \DoNotIndex{\DocInput,\documentclass,\EnableCrossrefs,\end,\GetFileInfo}
% \DoNotIndex{\NeedsTeXFormat,\OnlyDescription,\RecordChanges,\usepackage}
% \DoNotIndex{\ProvidesClass,\ProvidesPackage,\ProvidesFile,\RequirePackage}
% \DoNotIndex{\LoadClass,\PassOptionsToClass,\PassOptionsToPackage}
% \DoNotIndex{\DeclareOption,\CurrentOption,\ProcessOptions,\ExecuteOptions}
% \DoNotIndex{\AtEndOfClass,\AtEndOfPackage,\AtBeginDocument,\AtEndDocument}
% \DoNotIndex{\InputIfFileExists,\IfFileExists,\ClassError,\PackageError}
% \DoNotIndex{\ClassWarning,\PackageWarning,\ClassWarningNoLine}
% \DoNotIndex{\PackageWarningNoLine,\ClassInfo,\PackageInfo,\MessageBreak}
% \DoNotIndex{\space,\protect,\DeclareRobustCommand,\CheckCommand}
% \DoNotIndex{\newcommand,\renewcommand,\providecommand,\newenvironment}
% \DoNotIndex{\renewenvironment,\newif,\newlength,\newcounter,\setlength}
% \DoNotIndex{\setcounter,\if,\ifx,\ifcase,\ifnum,\ifdim,\else,\fi}
% \DoNotIndex{\texttt,\textbf,\textrm,\textsl,\textsc,\reset@font}
% \DoNotIndex{\textup,\textit,\textmd,\textsf,\emph,\futurelet}
% \DoNotIndex{\ttfamily,\rmfamily,\sffamily,\mdseries,\bfseries,\upshape}
% \DoNotIndex{\slshape,\scshape,\itshape,\em,\LaTeX,\LaTeXe}
% \DoNotIndex{\filename,\fileversion,\filedate,\let,\makeindex}
% \DoNotIndex{\@auxout,\@for,\@gobble,\@ifnextchar,\@m,\@mkboth,\@nil}
% \DoNotIndex{\@noitemerr,\@tempa,\@tempswafalse,\@tempswatrue,\@warning}
% \DoNotIndex{\advance,\arabic,\AtBeginDocument,\bf,\bibname,\chapter}
% \DoNotIndex{\citation,\clubpenalty,\CodelineNumbered,\csname}
% \DoNotIndex{\DisableCrossrefs,\do,\edef,\else,\endcsname,\endlist}
% \DoNotIndex{\expandafter,\fi,\gdef,\global,\hbox,\hfill,\hskip,\hspace}
% \DoNotIndex{\if,\if@filesw,\if@tempswa,\ifx,\immediate,\itemindent,\labelsep}
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% \DoNotIndex{\newpage,\p@enumiv,\parindent,\penalty,\refname}
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% \DoNotIndex{\theenumiv,\thepage,\unskip,\uppercase,\usecounter,\vskip}
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% \DoNotIndex{\@empty,\@ifundefined,\@latex@warning,\@minus,\@plus,\ }
% \DoNotIndex{\document,\@namedef,\@listi,\markboth,\or,\p@}
% \DoNotIndex{\listparindent,\noexpand,\par,\parsep,\pb,\pbf,\pbfseries}
% \DoNotIndex{\pc,\pd,\pem,\pit,\pitshape,\pmdseries,\prm,\prmfamily,\psc}
% \DoNotIndex{\pscshape,\psf,\psffamily,\psl,\pslshape,\ptt,\pttfamily}
% \DoNotIndex{\pupshape,\@iden,\@firstofone,\@unexpandable@protect}
% \DoNotIndex{\if@draft,\typeout}
% \DoNotIndex{\@ifclassloaded,\@ifstar,\@onlypreamble,\@preamblecmds}
% \DoNotIndex{\addtolength,\endinput,\@bsphack,\begingroup,\@wrindex}
% \DoNotIndex{\@listctr,\bibname,\enddocument,\hfil,\ignorespaces,\item}
% \DoNotIndex{\NAT@temp,\refname,\stepcounter,\@ifpackageloaded}
% \DoNotIndex{\@gobbletwo,\index,\itemsep,\markright,\scriptsize}
% \DoNotIndex{\textsuperscript,\@undefined}
% \DoNotIndex{\@celt,\@cite@list,\@citea,\@citeb,\@compress@cite}
% \DoNotIndex{\@bsphack,\@esphack,\@h@ld,\@make@cite@list,\@ne}
% \DoNotIndex{\@sort@celt,\@tempcnta,\@tempcntb,\delimiter,\endgroup}
% \DoNotIndex{\ifcat,\m@ne,\number}
% \DoNotIndex{\@markboth,\@mkboth,\nobreak,\SK@,\SK@@citex}
% \DoNotIndex{\SK@@label,\SK@@ref,SK@def,\SK@lbibitem,\bbl@redefine}
% \DoNotIndex{\@safe@activesfalse,\@save@activestrue,\active@prefix}
%
% \DoNotIndex{\ ,\&,\{,\},\.,\!,\",\#,\%,\',\(,\),\*,\,,\-,\/}
% \DoNotIndex{\:,\;,\<,\=,\>,\?,\@,\[,\\,\],\^,\_,\`,\|,\~}
% \DoNotIndex{\@backslashchar,\@citec,\@element@,\@input@,\@nameuse}
% \DoNotIndex{\@makeschapterhead,\@restonecolfalse,\@restonecoltrue}
% \DoNotIndex{\@old@endthebibliography,\@oldbibpreamble,\@orig@@cite}
% \DoNotIndex{\@orig@@nocitemeta,\@orig@nocite}
% \DoNotIndex{\@tmp@arg,\@xp,\AA,\aa,\addcontentsline}
% \DoNotIndex{\afterassignment,\aftergroup,\alph,\ast,\b@ex}
% \DoNotIndex{\backslash,\baselineskip,\BibTeX,\bigskip,\bs}
% \DoNotIndex{\clearpage,\cmd,\cmdfour,\cmdthree,\cmdthreealt}
% \DoNotIndex{\cmdthreepre,\cmdtwo,\columnsep,\columnseprule,\count@}
% \DoNotIndex{\dag,\do@url@hyp,\EM,\ensuremath,\entryname,\envirname}
% \DoNotIndex{\evensidemargin,\fieldname,\flqq,\fname,\fontencoding}
% \DoNotIndex{\fontfamily,\footnotesize,\footskip,\frqq}
% \DoNotIndex{\g@addto@macro,\GlossaryPrologue,\headheight,\headsep}
% \DoNotIndex{\hoffset,\if@mainmatter,\ifcodeline@index,\iffalse}
% \DoNotIndex{\ifhave@multicol,\index@prologue,\IndexMin,\IndexParms}
% \DoNotIndex{\IndexPrologue,\input,\jobname,\kern,\langle,\LaTeXrtf}
% \DoNotIndex{\latextohtml,\lbrace,\LC,\ldots,\linewidth,\lower}
% \DoNotIndex{\makeatletter,\makeatother,\MakeIndex,\MakeUppercase}
% \DoNotIndex{\marginparpush,\marginparsep,\marginparwidth,\mid}
% \DoNotIndex{\mathbin,\mathchar,\mathord,\newskip,\newwrite}
% \DoNotIndex{\normalsize,\oddsidemargin,\oldBED,\oldBEd,\oldBEDS}
% \DoNotIndex{\oldbibinitial,\oldbibliteral,\oldbibskipbracenodot}
% \DoNotIndex{\oldBIn,\oldBRetrieved,\oldevensidemargin,\oldfootskip}
% \DoNotIndex{\oldheadheight,\oldheadsep,\oldhoffset,\oldlinewidth}
% \DoNotIndex{\oldmarginparpush,\oldmarginparsep,\oldmarginparwidth}
% \DoNotIndex{\oldoddsidemargin,\oldtextheight,\oldtextwidth}
% \DoNotIndex{\oldtopmargin,\oldvoffset,\onecolumn,\openout,\opt}
% \DoNotIndex{\orig@printindex,\origbibDSM,\parskip,\Perl,\pfill}
% \DoNotIndex{\pkg,\pkgoption,\protected@edef,\protected@write}
% \DoNotIndex{\quad,\raggedright,\raisebox,\rangle,\rbrace,\rm,\sc}
% \DoNotIndex{\selectfont,\simpleguillemots,\symbol,\TeX,\TeXht}
% \DoNotIndex{\textheight,\textwidth,\thinspace,\thispagestyle}
% \DoNotIndex{\thr@@,\times,\tiny,\topmargin,\triangleright}
% \DoNotIndex{\twocolumn,\undefined,\voffset,\vspace,\X,\Y}
%
% \iffalse
%<*driver>
\documentclass{ltxdoc}
%<driver>%\documentclass[twoside]{ltxdoc}
%<driver>%\documentclass[a4paper]{ltxdoc}
%<driver>%\documentclass[twoside,a4paper]{ltxdoc}
%%
\usepackage{apacdoc}[2007/09/03]
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% LOADING OF PACKAGES
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% The following line can be uncommented to test compatibility with TeX4ht.
%% \usepackage{tex4ht}
%%
%% The following line is used for references to internet sources.
%% It is not generally necessary for apacite, but used in the examples.
\usepackage{url}
%%
%% The following lines can be uncommented to test compatibility with
%% the mentioned other packages and test the language support of
%% apacite.
%% \usepackage[dvips,pagebackref]{hyperref}
%% \usepackage[pdftex,pagebackref]{hyperref}
%% \usepackage[english]{babel}% babel must be loaded before apacite
%% \usepackage{german}
%%
%% Loading apacite with author index option.
\usepackage[ltxemindex,bibnewpage]{apacite}[2007/09/03]
%%
\raggedbottom
%%
%% To include the detailed explanation of the coding, comment out
%% the next line
\OnlyDescription
%%
%% To produce a command index: add the following line for one run,
%% then run  makeindex -s gind.ist apacite
%% and reprocess, with or without this line (much faster without)
%<driver>% \EnableCrossrefs\CodelineIndex
%%
%% To produce a change history: add the following line for one run,
%% then run  makeindex -s gglo.ist -o apacite.gls apacite.glo
%% and reprocess, with or without this line (faster without)
%<driver>% \RecordChanges
%%
\DisableCrossrefs %May stay; zapped by \EnableCrossrefs
\CodelineNumbered %May stay
%%
%% For getting something useful out of greek.apc in the documentation.
\IfFileExists{iso-8859-7.def}{%
  \usepackage[iso-8859-7]{inputenc}}{}
\begin{document}
  \DocInput{apacite.dtx}
\end{document}
%</driver>
% \fi
%
% ^^A (I have to find out how to get the following remark in the right
% ^^A place in the documentation.)
% ^^A The version numbers have been assigned afterwards; originally,
% ^^A apacite had only release dates.
%
% \changes{v1.0}{1994/11/30}{First public version}
% \changes{v2.0}{2000/09/22}{Second packaged version, the result of
%   continuous updating over many years. Not officially released through
%   ctan because there was no update of the documentation, but this was
%   available through my homepage at the time. Many additions in terms
%   of customizability, and introduction of the author indexing
%   facilities, which were first used in my PhD thesis in 1998.}
% \changes{v2.1}{2003/03/27}{First official release since 1994. Compared
%   to 2.0, this primarily solved some important compatibility problems
%   with other packages.}
% \changes{v2.2}{2003/09/05}{Updated for the 5th edition of the APA
%   manual, up to date documentation and test document, reorganized the
%   material, and improved compatibility.}
% \changes{v3.0}{2004/07/01}{Now adds initials if necessary to
%   distinguish first authors; now adds 2nd and later authors if necessary
%   to distinguish references; now truncates author list after 6th author
%   and editor list after 1st in reference list if there are more than 6
%   authors/editors; improved sorting for reference list; improved author
%   index support; added explicit support for reporting a meta-analysis.}
% \changes{v3.1}{2005/06/01}{Introduces explicit non-English language
%   support, solves some compatibility problems.}
% \changes{v3.2}{2005/06/08}{Fix of a small but annoying bug.}
% \changes{v4.00}{2007/09/03}{Solved many compatibility issues; improved
%   and extended language support; more extensive customizability.}
%
% \GetFileInfo{apacite.sty}
%
% \setcounter{IndexColumns}{2}
% \setlength{\IndexMin}{10cm}
%
% ^^A Start documentation here.
%
% \iffalse
%<*dtx>
% \fi
\MakePercentComment
%
% Previously apacite.tex :
% User's reference manual and test of the apacite package.
% Written by Erik Meijer
%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%% START OF ``NORMAL'' PART OF DOCUMENT
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\title{The \pkg{apacite} package%
       \thanks{This document describes \pkg{apacite} version~\fileversion{}
       dated \filedate.}
       \vspace{0.3\baselineskip}\\
       \large Citation and reference list with \LaTeX{} and \BibTeX{}
       according to the rules of the American Psychological Association}
\author{Erik Meijer\\
        \textsf{apacite at gmail.com}
}
\date{\filedate}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% If ecmr (T1) font not available:
\simpleguillemots
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\maketitle
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{abstract}
  \noindent
  This document describes and tests the \pkg{apacite} package
  \APACversiondate{\filedate}. This is a package that can be used with
  \LaTeX{} and \BibTeX{} to generate citations and a reference list,
  formatted according to the rules of the American Psychological Association.
  Furthermore, \pkg{apacite} contains an option to (almost) automatically
  generate an author index as well. The package can be customized in many
  ways.
\end{abstract}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\clearpage
\tableofcontents
\clearpage
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{Introduction}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
The American Psychological Association (APA) is very strict about the style in
which manuscripts submitted to its journals are written and formatted. The
requirements of the APA are described in the \emph{Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association}, the latest version of which is the 5th
edition \cite{APAManual}. In the sequel, this is simply called the \emph{APA
manual}.

The APA manual discusses how candidate authors should write their manuscripts:
writing style, parts of a manuscript and their order, presentation of the
results in the form of tables and figures, and so forth. Candidate authors
should study this and adhere to this.

The APA manual also gives specific rules about the formatting of a manuscript.
This includes double spacing, a running head, the typographic style of section
headings, the placement of tables and figures on separate pages at the end of
the document, and so forth. \LaTeX{} users will recognize these as ``style''
elements that should be defined in a package (\fname{.sty} file) or class
(\fname{.cls} file). Their specific documents (\fname{.tex} file) should be
largely style-independent. This idea of separating content and logical
structure from specific formatting is one of the basic elements of \LaTeX{}
\cite[p.~7]{LaTeXbook}.

An implementation of the formatting rules of the APA manual for use with
\LaTeX{} is the \pkg{apa} class of Athanassios Protopapas. This handles all
kinds of issues about general document formatting, title page, section
headings, figures and tables, and so forth. Therefore, if you intend to submit
a manuscript to an APA journal, I strongly recommend using the \pkg{apa}
class.

An important part of the APA style is the way citations and the reference list
should be formatted. This takes 75 pages in the APA manual (pp.~207--281,
excluding the references to legal materials). This part is not handled by the
\pkg{apa} class, but by the \pkg{apacite} package. The \pkg{apa} class
requires the \pkg{apacite} package, but \pkg{apacite} can be used without
\pkg{apa}. The current document, for example, does not use the \pkg{apa}
class, because I find it desirable that possible users can study the
\pkg{apacite} package and its documentation without having to install several
other classes and packages first. Therefore, the current document uses
standard \LaTeX{} as much as possible.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\subsection*{Some history}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Before the advent of the first version of \pkg{apacite} in 1994, several
authors have written \TeX{} and \LaTeX{} packages (\fname{.sty}) and \BibTeX{}
style files (\fname{.bst}) with suggestive names as \pkg{apalike},
\pkg{newapa}, and \pkg{theapa} to try to capture some of the requirements of
the APA manual. A severe problem with the APA citations is that, if the number
of authors is between three and five, inclusive, the first citation must
include all authors, whereas subsequent citations should refer to the first
author ``et al.''. This problem had been solved by the \pkg{newapa} and
\pkg{theapa} packages.

A lot of APA peculiarities, however, were not covered by these citation
styles. Examples are:
\begin{itemize}
\item In the reference list, authors should be formatted with
      their initials after their surnames. Editors, however,
      should be formatted with their initials \emph{before} their
      surnames if they are not in the author position.
\item If the work referred to is a non-English-language source,
      the English translation of the title should be given in
      brackets after the title.
\item Edition and volume of a book and the pages of an article
      in that book should be gathered between a single pair
      of parentheses.
\item The publisher of a book and its address should be given as
      ``address: publisher'', and not as ``publisher, address''.
\item When the work used is a reprint or translation of an
      earlier work, this should be mentioned in the reference
      list. In text, the year must be given in the form
      ``1923/1961''.
\item There are several ``tricky'' things with brackets and
      parentheses, for example, with the type of an article
      (e.g., ``Letter to the editor'',
      ``Review of the book \emph{The social life of information}'',
      ``Abstract'', ``Special issue''). Furthermore, magazine and
      newspaper articles are treated differently than journal
      articles; papers presented at meetings must be treated
      differently; translators of articles and books and chairs
      of symposia must be introduced; an article can have editors
      instead of authors (e.g., with a special issue); a PhD thesis
      can be abstracted in \emph{Dissertation Abstracts International};
      a (technical) report of some institution can be an (edited)
      collection of articles.
\end{itemize}
The \pkg{apacite} package is devised to get (much) closer to the APA rules
than the abovementioned other packages and styles.

The original version of the \fname{apacite.sty} \LaTeX{} package consisted for
a large part of the citation part of \fname{theapa.sty}. The current version,
however, has been changed and extended in many ways and can therefore not be
considered a straightforward adaptation of \fname{theapa.sty} anymore,
although it provides largely the same commands, such as \cmd{\citeA}, and
peculiarities in the command definitions, such as the use of \verb+<...>+ for
a prefix note and \verb+[...]+ for a postfix note.

Although the \fname{apacite.bst} \BibTeX{} style started out as a slightly
adapted version of \fname{theapa.bst}, the number of changes became so large
and things became so unmanageable that I decided to write a completely new
bibstyle, although using some small parts of the original. The
\fname{apacite.bst} file can therefore not anymore be seen as an adaptation of
\fname{theapa.bst}. Due to the complex rules of the APA manual, it has become
a large file. In the original process of writing (back in 1994), the error
\begin{verbatim}
You've exceeded BibTeX's wizard-defined function space
\end{verbatim}
was very hard to overcome. It appears that later versions of \BibTeX{} allowed
much more space, because I have not received this message anymore in recent
years, although the bibstyle has been expanded considerably. However, if you
run an old \BibTeX{}, you may encounter this (and similar) error messages.

In the ``dark years'' between 1994 and 2003, in which there was no official
new version of \pkg{apacite}, I have been fixing small bugs, discovered either
by me or by users who sent in their bug reports, and adding some small options
that were easy to incorporate and that I found useful or that were requested
by a user. Furthermore, in 1998, I spent considerable effort in adding an
(almost) automatic author indexing option, first used for my PhD thesis
\cite{meijer1998}.

In the first few months of 2003, I fixed a number of problems with the
compatibility between \pkg{apacite} and some other important packages.
Although I had been planning (or wishing, rather) to release a proper official
update of \pkg{apacite} for some time, I had not done so, mainly because I had
not yet taken the time to update the documentation. The compatibility issues
were so severe, however, that I decided in March 2003 to release an
intermediate update, which thus became the first official release since the
original version. This version contained a lot of files with compatibility
patches and tests. The main shortcomings of that version were the lack of
up-to-date documentation and the lack of agreement with the latest version of
the APA manual (5th ed., 2001).

In September 2003, I finally released a complete, fully updated and
significantly extended version of \pkg{apacite}, including extensive
documentation. However, that version still was not able to format some
citations correctly. The \APACversiondate{2004/07/01} version was a small
improvement of the \APACversiondate{2003/09/05} version, but fixed the
important inadequacies of previous versions.

The \APACversiondate{2005/06/08} version introduced (limited) support of
non-English languages. This is clearly a non-APA direction, because all
APA publications are in English. However, many journals, universities,
etc.\ in non-English speaking countries base their rules on the APA rules,
and thus it may be useful to have the possibility to use \pkg{apacite}
in combination with documents in non-English languages as well. This
language feature has been further extended in the current version.
See section~\ref{sec:compat-babel} for a description of the implementation
of this feature.

The most salient differences in the current version are the much improved
compatibility with a large number of other packages (most notably
\pkg{hyperref}) and the shift of many formatting decisions from \BibTeX\
to \LaTeX, so that they are easier to change by the user.

Apart from the language support and the facilities for customization, the
current version of \pkg{apacite} is aimed at conforming with the 5th edition
of the APA manual. It remains, however, imperfect, although the instances of
incorrectly formatted cases will be rare. The problems can be solved by
``tricking'' the style (e.g., by defining the \fieldname{number} field as
``\verb+2, Serial No. 186+'' if the issue number and serial number of a
journal are both important), but this makes the \fname{.bib} file less
compatible with other styles. In the test examples in section~\ref{sec:xmpl}
below, many tricks are used and discussed. Remaining problems, omissions, and
things-to-be-done can be found in section~\ref{sec:todo}.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\subsection*{Philosophy of \pkg{apacite}}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
As can be deduced from the discussion thus far, the first priority of
\pkg{apacite} is to implement the rules of the APA manual with regard to
citation and reference list as closely as possible. However, just like its
predecessors, and actually expanding much beyond their realm,
\pkg{apacite} offers many possibilities for customization as
well. Many details of \pkg{apacite}, particularly punctuation and some fixed
texts (e.g., ``Tech.\ Rep.'') can be changed easily by the user by redefining
some commands in \LaTeX{}. Furthermore, \pkg{apacite} also offers several
proper options to change some of its settings.

Whether certain options or customizable aspects are implemented depends on two
criteria: (1) Is it possible, easy (enough), and convenient to implement them
without compromising the ability to adhere to the APA rules, and (2) Do I (EM)
consider them important or useful enough to spend time to implement them.
Actually, the decision process is the reverse of this: First, I decide whether
I find it a relevant or useful option. If not, I will not implement it. If so,
I will think about if and how I can implement it. If I have an idea for a
solution that is practically feasible, I will pursue it. If I don't see a
solution, if I think it will take me too much time, or if I think a solution
will be inconvenient to other users, then I will not pursue it.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\subsection*{New in this version}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
The changes since the \APACversiondate{2005/06/08} version are:
\begin{itemize}
\item \pkg{apacite} is now packaged in \fname{dtx}
      (\pkg{doc}/\pkg{docstrip}) form, as is usual for \LaTeX{} packages.
      However, this is still rudimentary and considerable work is still
      needed to separate documentation from source code and to insert
      the convenient margin par notes and index entries.
\item The \pkg{apacite} manual-specific commands are now put in a separate
      package file, \fname{apacdoc.sty}. Apart from specific commands and
      settings that are only of interest for this manual, this contains
      the definitions of commands that are considered too ad hoc,
      ill-designed, or otherwise not generally useful, but that are
      necessary to handle certain complicated references satisfactorily.
      For the latter reason, these may be interesting for users who
      encounter similar problems. See section~\ref{sec:apacdoc} for usage
      instructions.
\item Improved customizability of the reference list by replacing many
      formatting decisions made by \fname{apacite.bst}, i.e., in the
      \BibTeX{} stage, by \LaTeX{} commands in the \fname{.bbl} file;
      see section~\ref{sec:custom-big-formatting}.
      In this way, formatting can be changed by the user by redefining
      the \LaTeX\ commands through \cmd{\renewcommand}. Hence, many new
      formatting commands have been introduced in \LaTeX. The drawback
      of this is that it is less easy to read the \fname{.bbl} file
      and make small changes by editing this file.
\item Added \pkgoption{indexpackage}, \pkgoption{noindexpackage}, and
      \pkgoption{ltxemindex} options to be able to generate an author
      index with or without the \pkg{index} package.
\item Resolved many compatibility problems between \pkg{apacite} and
      other packages, esp.\ \pkg{natbib}, \pkg{hyperref}, and several
      packages that can be used to generate multiple bibliographies
      (see section~\ref{sec:compat}). The \pkgoption{hyper} and
      \pkgoption{nohyper} have thus become obsolete and now give
      innocuous warnings.
\item Added \pkgoption{includecorporate} and \pkgoption{suppresscorporate}
      options that determine whether corporate authors are to be included
      in the author index or not (with one of the indexing options,
      of course). This works by using the \cmd{\bibcorporate} command
      in the \fname{.bib} file. Also, if the author is the publisher as well,
      the decision of how to indicate this in the reference list is now
      deferred to the \LaTeX{} realm, so that the user can choose whether
      to use the APA-dictated ``Author'' or the name of the publisher itself.
\item Added \cmd{\citeauthorNP}, \cmd{\fullciteauthorNP}, and
      \cmd{\shortciteauthorNP} commands, which are equivalent to the non-\verb+NP+
      versions, except that they use the parenthetical ``and'' (`\&' by
      default) between authors.
\item The citation commands now allow spaces between the works cited:\\
      \verb+\cite{Jones:1999, Smith:2001}+. This is more convenient
      with word-wrapping text editors and corresponds to the implementation
      of other citation packages, as well as standard \LaTeX.
\item Explicit (and thus improved) support of the \entryname{manual}
      reference type.
\item The \fieldname{edition} and \fieldname{originaledition} fields can
      now be supplied as numbers; the ``st'', ``nd'', ``rd'', and ``th''
      suffixes are automatically inserted in this case. If it is not a
      number (e.g., ``Rev.'' or ``2nd'', then the argument is copied
      literally, as in previous versions.
\item The location of a \entryname{lecture} can now be given in the
      \fieldname{address} field and does not need to be included in the
      \fieldname{howpublished} field anymore.
\item Added support for the \fieldname{url} and \fieldname{lastchecked}
      fields to improve references to websites. Also, the number of other
      fields that are supported has been increased, most notably
      \fieldname{howpublished} for \entryname{book}s and \fieldname{address}
      for \entryname{lecture}s; see Table~\ref{tab:fieldref}. Defined
      URL formatting styles for usage with the \pkg{url} package that
      adhere to the APA rules in this regard (esp.\ line-breaking).
\item Improved and extended language support (see section~\ref{sec:compat-babel}):
      new added languages, thanks to \pkg{apacite} users, and extended
      customizability. Additional commands that anticipate further
      language-improvements are
      \cmd{\BPBI}, \cmd{\BPBI}, \cmd{\APACmonth}, \cmd{\Bby}, \cmd{\BAuthor},
      \cmd{\BAvailFrom}, \cmd{\BRetrieved}, and \cmd{\BMsgPostedTo}.
      However, these commands have not been defined in the language
      files yet.
\item A few small changes to the examples from the APA manual
      (section~\ref{sec:xmpl}), incorporating a few errata to
      the APA manual published on the APA's web site.
      Also, some improved tricks in the examples.
      These primarily fix some problems with
      the author index induced by earlier tricks.
\item Some minor changes and bug fixes that most users will not notice.
      One consequence is that the earlier \pkgoption{accentfix} and
      \pkgoption{noaccentfix} options have become obsolete and now give
      innocuous warnings.
\end{itemize}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{Installation, package loading, and running \BibTeX{}}
\label{sec:usage}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
As of this version, \pkg{apacite} is distributed as a \fname{.dtx}
file, like most \LaTeX{} packages. This file, \fname{apacite.dtx},
is supplemented by a \fname{README} file, which gives a brief
introduction and installation instructions, the user's manual
in the file \fname{apacite.pdf} (which you are reading right now),
and the installation file \fname{apacite.ins}. Strictly speaking,
only the \fname{apacite.dtx} file is necessary, because the
installation file is regenerated from it if it is not available,
and the user's manual is generated by running \LaTeX{} on
\fname{apacite.dtx}. But it is customary (and convenient for
potential users) to include the other files as well.

The \LaTeX{} packages, \BibTeX{} style files, and other files in the
distribution are generated by running \LaTeX{} on \fname{apacite.ins}.
This generates the following files:
\begin{description}
\item[\fname{apacite.sty}] The \LaTeX{} citation package. This must
  be placed in a directory where \TeX{} can find it.
\item[\fname{apacite.bst}] The \BibTeX{} reference list style. This
  must be placed in a directory where \BibTeX{} can find it.
\item[\fname{apacitex.bst}] The \BibTeX{} reference list style with
  added author index support. This must also be placed in a directory
  where \BibTeX{} can find it.
\item[\fname{apa5ex.bib}] The file with bibliographic information
  about the references used in the user's manual (i.e., the
  current document). This is also useful for users to find out how
  certain nontrivial problems can be solved. This can best be kept
  in the same directory as \fname{apacite.dtx}.
\item[\fname{apacite.drv}] Documentation driver. Run \LaTeX{} on this
  file to regenerate the user's manual. This is the current document,
  and can also be ontained by running \LaTeX{} on \fname{apacite.dtx},
  but you can edit the file \fname{apacite.drv} to change some settings,
  e.g., choose whether or not the documented source code must be
  included in the manual or not. Please don't edit \fname{apacite.dtx}
  itself. The file \fname{apacite.drv} can best be kept
  in the same directory as \fname{apacite.dtx}.
\item[\fname{*.apc}] Language-specific modifications of \pkg{apacite}.
  See section~\ref{sec:compat-babel} for a discussion of these.
  These must be placed in a directory where \LaTeX{} can find them.
  The files that are currently supplied are \fname{english.apc},
  \fname{dutch.apc}, \fname{finnish.apc}, \fname{german.apc},
  \fname{ngerman.apc}, \fname{greek.apc}, \fname{norsk.apc},
  \fname{spanish.apc}, and \fname{swedish.apc}.
\item[\fname{apacdoc.sty}] A \LaTeX{} package that contains commands
  and settings used in this user's manual. This can be placed in a
  directory where \TeX{} can find it, but given that it is primarily
  useful for processing the user's manual and not intended as a
  package for wider usage, it can also be left in the same directory as
  \fname{apacite.dtx}. See section~\ref{sec:apacdoc} for a further discussion
  of this package.
\end{description}
Previous versions of \pkg{apacite} provided the file \fname{apacite.tex},
which contained the user's manual, but this is now included in
\fname{apacite.dtx} and can be formatted by running \LaTeX{} on
\fname{apacite.drv}.

The \fname{apacite.sty} \LaTeX{} package is loaded by putting
\mbox{}\vspace{0.7\baselineskip}\\
\cmdthreealt{usepackage}{options}{apacite}
\mbox{}\vspace{0.7\baselineskip}\\
somewhere in your document between \cmd{\documentclass} and
\verb+\begin{document}+, or putting
\mbox{}\vspace{0.7\baselineskip}\\
\cmdthreealt{RequirePackage}{options}{apacite}
\mbox{}\vspace{0.7\baselineskip}\\
in your own personal \LaTeX{} package (say, \fname{mysettings.sty})
that is loaded by your document.

To load the \fname{apacite.bst} or \fname{apacitex.bst} bibliography style in
\BibTeX{}, put
\mbox{}\vspace{0.7\baselineskip}\\
\verb+\bibliographystyle{apacite}+
\mbox{}\vspace{0.7\baselineskip}\\
or
\mbox{}\vspace{0.7\baselineskip}\\
\verb+\bibliographystyle{apacitex}+
\mbox{}\vspace{0.7\baselineskip}\\
respectively, in your document before the \cmd{\bibliography} command. The
position of the bibliography (reference list) is determined by the line
\mbox{}\vspace{0.7\baselineskip}\\
\cmdtwo{bibliography}{bibfiles}
\mbox{}\vspace{0.7\baselineskip}\\
where \opt{bibfiles} is a list of filenames with \fname{.bib} extension, which
contain the bibliographic information that is used by \BibTeX{} to construct
the reference list. Usually, the \cmd{\bibliographystyle} and
\cmd{\bibliography} are kept together (immediately follow each other) in the
document, although when you are using the \pkg{apa} document class,
\pkg{apacite} is used by definition and you are not supposed to use the
\cmd{\bibliographystyle} command yourself. See the documentation of the
\pkg{apa} documentclass for details about this.

If you use one of the author indexing options, the author index is put in
the \LaTeX{} output by the line
\begin{verbatim}
\printindex[autx]
\end{verbatim}
If you put this line in your document, but don't use one of the author
indexing options, it will be ignored. For more on author indexing, see
section~\ref{sec:autindex}.

To get all parts in the final output, the following sequence of runs should
typically be taken (when starting from scratch): (1) \LaTeX{}, (2) \BibTeX{},
(3) \LaTeX{}, (4) \LaTeX{}, and, when author indexing is on, (5) \MakeIndex{},
(6) \LaTeX{}, and (7) \LaTeX{}. The last one is to get the index in the table
of contents. If the table of contents is on a regular page, i.e., an
arabic-numbered page instead of a roman-numbered page in the front matter, it
may even be necessary to run \MakeIndex{} another time, followed by \LaTeX{}
once or twice. Occasionally, somewhere in the process, \LaTeX{} may complain
about labels that may have changed, which requires even more additional
\LaTeX{} runs at that stage. So the number of runs that are necessary to get
everything right may become large.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{Package options}
\label{sec:options}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
The following options are recognized by \pkg{apacite}:
\begin{description}
\item[\pkgoption{BCAY}] \mbox{}\\
  This is a technical option for backwards compatibility with old versions
  (pre-\APACversiondate{2003/09/05}) of \pkg{apacite}. In those versions of
  \pkg{apacite}, the \cmd{\BCAY} construction was used to pass relevant
  citation information from the \fname{.bbl} file (\BibTeX{}'s output) to
  \LaTeX{}. This was taken over from its immediate predecessor, Young U. Ryu's
  \pkg{theapa}. However, \pkg{natbib} does not recognize the \cmd{\BCAY}
  construction, but it does recognize the analogous \cmd{\citeauthoryear}
  construction, which was also used by an earlier predecessor of
  \pkg{apacite}, \pkg{newapa}. Therefore, \pkg{apacite} has reverted to
  \cmd{\citeauthoryear} as well. This makes different versions of
  \pkg{apacite} incompatible with each other, because it is not possible to
  support both constructions at the same time. This option is used to fix
  that: In the (unlikely) event that you \emph{must} use a \fname{.bbl} file
  that is generated by an old version of \pkg{apacite}, you can turn this
  option on.

\item[\pkgoption{index}]
\item[\pkgoption{indexpackage}]
\item[\pkgoption{noindexpackage}]
  The \pkgoption{index} option turns author indexing on. See
  section~\ref{sec:autindex} for a discussion of the author indexing facility.
  The \pkgoption{index} option should be used with the \fname{apacitex.bst}
  \BibTeX{} style, although it does not give errors with \fname{apacite.bst},
  but simply does not give author index entries, so then this option
  typically does not have any effect (and an undesirable effect if
  it does). The \pkgoption{indexpackage} and \pkgoption{noindexpackage}
  select whether the author index entries should be generated according
  to the method of the \pkg{index} package or using a more standard-\LaTeX{}
  method.

  By default, if the \pkgoption{index} option is requested, the
  \pkgoption{indexpackage} option is turned on as well, consistent with
  the behavior of previous versions of \pkg{apacite}.

\item[\pkgoption{noindex}] \mbox{}\\
  Turns author indexing off (the default). Typically used with
  \fname{apacite.bst}, but can also be used with \fname{apacitex.bst}. In the
  latter case, the author indexing commands are simply ignored. Therefore,
  \fname{apacite.bst} is actually superfluous, but because author indexing
  will be used rarely and \fname{apacitex.bst} is more likely to lead to errors
  or incompatibilities, a ``clean'' (no author indexing) version,
  \fname{apacite.bst}, is provided as well.

\item[\pkgoption{suppresscorporate}] \mbox{}\\
  Excludes corporate authors from the author index. The \cmd{\bibcorporate}
  command must be used in the \fname{.bib} file to denote a corporate author;
  see sections~\ref{subsec:fields}, \ref{subsec:labels}, and~\ref{sec:autindex}.

\item[\pkgoption{includecorporate}] \mbox{}\\
  Includes corporate authors in the author index, provided that an author index
  is requested of course.

\item[\pkgoption{stdindex}]
\item[\pkgoption{tocindex}]
\item[\pkgoption{emindex}]
\item[\pkgoption{ltxemindex}] \mbox{}\\
  These options select the style of index formatting. They all imply the
  \pkgoption{index} option. The first three of these imply the
  \pkgoption{indexpackage} option, whereas the fourth implies
  \pkgoption{noindexpackage}. See section~\ref{sec:autindex}.

\item[\pkgoption{numberedbib}] \mbox{}\\
  This option implies that the bibliography (reference list) is a numbered
  section or chapter, e.g., ``6.~References'', instead of just ``References''.

\item[\pkgoption{unnumberedbib}] \mbox{}\\
  The reverse of \pkgoption{numberedbib}: The bibliography is an unnumbered
  section or chapter. This is the default. However, it is possible that when
  using the \pkg{apa} document class, then \pkgoption{numberedbib} works
  better, because that class turns section numbering off anyway and it may be
  that \pkg{apa}'s page headings work well if the reference list is a
  \cmd{\section} and not if it is a \cmd{\section*}. I have not experimented
  with this (yet), however.

\item[\pkgoption{sectionbib}] \mbox{}\\
  With this option, the bibliography is a section and not a chapter. Mainly
  useful in combination with the \pkg{chapterbib} package. Therefore, it will
  be discussed in more detail in section~\ref{sec:compat-chapterbib}.

\item[\pkgoption{nosectionbib}] \mbox{}\\
  With this option, the bibliography is a chapter, if the \cmd{\chapter}
  command is defined. Otherwise, it is always a section. Again, see
  section~\ref{sec:compat-chapterbib}.

\item[\pkgoption{tocbib}] \mbox{}\\
  This puts the bibliography in the table of contents, even if it is
  unnumbered, provided of course that a table of contents is requested in the
  document (by \cmd{\tableofcontents}). This is the default.

\item[\pkgoption{notocbib}] \mbox{}\\
  This does not put the bibliography in the table of contents if it is an
  unnumbered section or chapter. If it's numbered, it is always in the table
  of contents.

\item[\pkgoption{bibnewpage}] \mbox{}\\
  The bibliography is started on a new page. This is required by some journal
  styles, including the APA manual. The \pkg{apa} class already contained this
  in its \pkgoption{man} option, but now it has been made available directly
  in \pkg{apacite}.

\item[\pkgoption{nobibnewpage}] \mbox{}\\
  The bibliography is not explicitly started on a new page, although if the
  bibliography is a chapter, it will be started on a new page anyway, because
  chapters are started on a new page. This is the default in \pkg{apacite} and
  thus is the only time a non-APA setting is used as default instead of an
  available APA setting. Therefore, to satisfy the APA rules, you have to
  request the \pkgoption{bibnewpage} option explicitly.
\end{description}
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{The citation commands}
\label{sec:cite}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
In this section, the commands are described that can be used to cite a work.
Their default behavior will be explained. In section~\ref{sec:custom},
customization of this behavior will be discussed. Extensive examples are given
in section~\ref{sec:xmpl}. Table~\ref{tab:basic-cite} gives a brief
impression of the usage and results of the most common citation commands.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{table}[tp]
\begin{center}
\caption{Examples of usage of basic citation commands.}
\label{tab:basic-cite}
\begin{tabular}{@{}ll@{}}
\hline
Command & Result \\
\hline
\verb+\cite<e.g.,>[p.~11]{Jone01,Ross87}+       &
   (e.g., Jones, 2001; Ross, 1987, p.~11) \\
\verb+\citeNP<e.g.,>[p.~11]{Jone01,Ross87}+       &
   e.g., Jones, 2001; Ross, 1987, p.~11 \\
\verb+\citeA<e.g.,>[p.~11]{Jone01,Ross87}+      &
   e.g., Jones (2001); Ross (1987, p.~11) \\
\verb+\citeauthor<e.g.,>[p.~11]{Jone01,Ross87}+ &
   e.g., Jones; Ross, p.~11 \\
\verb+\citeyear<e.g.,>[p.~11]{Jone01,Ross87}+   &
   (e.g., 2001; 1987, p.~11) \\
\verb+\citeyearNP<e.g.,>[p.~11]{Jone01,Ross87}+   &
   e.g., 2001; 1987, p.~11 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

If the \pkg{apacite} package is loaded, the following citation commands can be
used.
\begin{description}
    \item[\cmdfour{cite}{prefix}{postfix}{keys}]
    \item[\cmdfour{fullcite}{prefix}{postfix}{keys}]
    \item[\cmdfour{shortcite}{prefix}{postfix}{keys}] \mbox{}\\
        These three commands produce parenthetical citations of the
        following form:
        ``(\opt{prefix} \opt{Authors1}, \opt{Year1};
        \opt{Authors2}, \opt{Year2}; \ldots; \opt{AuthorsN}, \opt{YearN},
        \opt{postfix})''.
        The command \cmd{\fullcite} uses the ``full'' author list, and
        the \cmd{\shortcite} command uses the abbreviated author list.
        The \cmd{\cite} command uses the ``full'' list the first time
        a work is referenced and the ``short'' list the second and
        subsequent times. In accordance with the APA manual, the
        ``full'' list consists of all authors if their number is five
        or less, and the first author suffixed with ``et al.{}''
        if their number is six or more. Similarly, the ``short'' list
        consists of all authors if their number is two or less and the
        first author with ``et al.{}'' if their  number is three or more.
        There are some nuances for complicated situations. These will
        be discussed in section~\ref{sec:xmpl}.

        If the (full) author lists of subsequent citations within the
        same citation command are the same, they are not repeated; only
        the years of the later citations are given.
        This holds for all analogous cases as well.

        The prefix and postfix are optional. Thus, e.g.,
        \cmdtwo{cite}{keys}, \cmdthree{cite}{postfix}{keys},
        and \cmdthreepre{cite}{prefix}{keys} are also allowed.
        This holds for all analogous cases as well.

    \item[\cmdfour{citeNP}{prefix}{postfix}{keys}]
    \item[\cmdfour{fullciteNP}{prefix}{postfix}{keys}]
    \item[\cmdfour{shortciteNP}{prefix}{postfix}{keys}] \mbox{}\\
        ``No parentheses'' versions of \cmd{\cite}, \cmd{\fullcite},
        and \cmd{\shortcite}. They produce citations of the form
        ``\opt{prefix} \opt{Authors1}, \opt{Year1};
        \opt{Authors2}, \opt{Year2}; \ldots; \opt{AuthorsN}, \opt{YearN},
        \opt{postfix}''. Can be used for complex citations within
        parenthetical material, see the discussion of
        \cmd{\citeyearNP} below.

    \item[\cmdfour{citeA}{prefix}{postfix}{keys}]
    \item[\cmdfour{fullciteA}{prefix}{postfix}{keys}]
    \item[\cmdfour{shortciteA}{prefix}{postfix}{keys}] \mbox{}\\
        These commands are similar to the commands without the
        ``\verb+A+''  suffix. They produce in-text citations of the form
        ``\opt{prefix} \opt{Authors1} (\opt{Year1}),
        \opt{Authors2} (\opt{Year2}), \ldots,
        \opt{AuthorsN} (\opt{YearN}, \opt{postfix})''.
        Typically, the \opt{prefix} will be empty, because it is
        part of the main text, and there typically will only be
        one citation in \opt{keys} (unless the authors of
        multiple citations are the same), because the authors'
        names are also part of the main text. But it was easy
        to provide the additional options, and this enhances
        the similarity with the other citation commands, which
        I found desirable.

    \item[\cmdfour{citeauthor}{prefix}{postfix}{keys}]
    \item[\cmdfour{fullciteauthor}{prefix}{postfix}{keys}]
    \item[\cmdfour{shortciteauthor}{prefix}{postfix}{keys}]
    \item[\cmdfour{citeauthorNP}{prefix}{postfix}{keys}]
    \item[\cmdfour{fullciteauthorNP}{prefix}{postfix}{keys}]
    \item[\cmdfour{shortciteauthorNP}{prefix}{postfix}{keys}] \mbox{}\\
        These commands are similar to their \cmd{\cite}-type
        counterparts, except that they produce citations of the form
         ``\opt{prefix} \opt{Authors1}, \opt{Authors2}, \ldots,
         \opt{AuthorsN}, \opt{postfix}''
        (the years and parentheses are left out).
        This is typically used in a paragraph when a proper
        citation (incl.\ year) to the same work has already been
        given in the paragraph.%
            \footnote{Note that a paragraph is not
            a section. Nor does it need to be declared as a
            \cmd{\paragraph}. A reminder for Dutch readers:
            ``section'' = ``paragraaf'' and ``paragraph'' = ``alinea''.}
        In such a case, according to the APA manual, the year must not be
        repeated for repeated references to the same work in the same
        paragraph.

        A second important application of these commands is
        when some complex citations must be constructed, like
        ``\citeauthor{4.05-1}'s \citeyear{4.05-1} theory'',
        which makes combined use of \cmd{\citeauthor} and
        \cmd{\citeyear}, see below.

        Normally, I would expect only one citation per
        \cmd{\citeauthor}-type command, and no \opt{prefix}
        or \opt{postfix}.

        The difference between the ``non-\verb+NP+'' versions and the
        ``\verb+NP+'' versions is that the latter are intended to
        be used parenthetically, like \cmd{\cite}, whereas the former
        are intended to be used in the running text, like \cmd{\citeA}.
        Neither of these generate the parentheses, though. Thus, the
        only real difference is that the ``non-\verb+NP+'' versions
        use ``and'' between authors and the ``\verb+NP+'' versions
        use ``\&''.

        Following the \cmd{\cite}--\cmd{\citeNP}--\cmd{\citeA} logic,
        \cmd{\citeauthor} should actually be called \cmd{\citeauthorA}
        and a \cmd{\citeauthor} command should be supplied that is the
        same as the current \cmd{\citeauthorNP} but with parentheses
        added. For historical reasons and some compatibility with
        other citation packages, this is currently not the case. I may
        try to invent a decent solution for a next release of
        \pkg{apacite}.

    \item[\cmdfour{citeyear}{prefix}{postfix}{keys}] \mbox{}\\
        Produces citations of the form
        ``(\opt{prefix} \opt{Year1}, \opt{Year2}, \ldots, \opt{YearN},
        \opt{postfix})''.
        See the discussion of \cmd{\citeauthor} above. Typically,
        the \opt{prefix} would be empty and multiple citations
        would only be used if they have the same authors.

    \item[\cmdfour{citeyearNP}{prefix}{postfix}{keys}] \mbox{}\\
        A ``no parentheses'' version of \cmd{\citeyear}.
        Produces citations of the form
        ``\opt{prefix} \opt{Year1}, \opt{Year2}, \ldots, \opt{YearN},
        \opt{postfix}''. Can be used for complex citations within
        parenthetical material, like
        ``the work of \citeauthor{3.99-15} (\citeyearNP{3.99-15};
        but see also \citeNP{3.99-16,3.99-17})'',
        which also uses the \cmd{\citeNP} command.

    \item[\cmdtwo{nocite}{keys}] \mbox{}\\
        The entries are included in the bibliography without
        being cited in text. This is standard \LaTeX.
        Note that the APA manual normally does not allow this.
        The only exception concerns works that are studied in a
        meta-analysis, but for these the \cmd{\nocitemeta}
        command should be used.

    \item[\cmdtwo{nocitemeta}{keys}] \mbox{}\\
        This is similar to \cmd{\nocite}. It is used to get the
        list of works included in a meta-analysis in the
        bibliography. This command has the additional effect that
        the corresponding items in the bibliography are preceded
        by an asterisk (\APACmetastar) and a remark explaining this
        is inserted just before the bibliography, as required
        by the APA manual.
\end{description}
In order to format the examples from the APA manual correctly in
section~\ref{sec:xmpl}, the \fname{apacdoc.sty} package defines the
following additional citation
commands: \cmd{\DSMcite}, \cmd{\biblecite}, and \cmd{\citesong}, and obvious
variations with \verb+full+, \verb+short+, \verb+A+, and \verb+NP+. I
have decided not to include these in \fname{apacite.sty}, primarily because
I find it unattractive to introduce different types of citation commands for
different types of citations. This also makes it more difficult to use the
same document with another citation package. Perhaps I'll be able to provide,
in a future version of \pkg{apacite}, more elegant solutions to the problems
for which these commands were defined.
See section~\ref{sec:apacdoc} for a description of the \fname{apacdoc.sty}
package and some brief usage instructions.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{Contents of the bibliography database file}
\label{sec:bib}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
The information that is used by \LaTeX/\BibTeX{} to generate
the citations and reference list must be stored by the user in one
or more files with the \fname{.bib} extension.
A detailed overview of the contents of the \fname{.bib} file is
given in \citeA[section~12.2]{KoDa04} and \citeA[section~13.2]{TLC2}.
Roughly speaking, the
\fname{.bib} file consists of a collection of \emph{entries}
of the form
\mbox{}\vspace{0.7\baselineskip}\\
\verb+@+\opt{entryname}\verb+{+\opt{contents}\verb+}+
\mbox{}\vspace{0.7\baselineskip}\\
Most entries describe a work that may be referenced, e.g., a book
or article. There are, however, two exceptions: a \entryname{preamble}
entry (with \opt{entryname} = \verb+preamble+) and a \entryname{string}
entry (with \opt{entryname} = \verb+string+). There is typically
at most one \entryname{preamble} entry. Its \opt{contents} consist of a
string---according to \BibTeX, i.e., between double quotes (\verb+"+)
or an additional pair of braces (\verb+{+ and \verb+}+). This
string, which typically consists of \LaTeX{} commands like
\verb+\newcommand{\SortNoop}[1]{}+, is literally included
in the document before the bibliography. It can therefore be used
to define commands that are used in the (other) entries of the
\fname{.bib} file and that are not standard \LaTeX{}.

A \entryname{string} entry is similar, but the contents are now not
included in the document. Instead, the string is assigned to a kind of
``variable'', the name of which may contain characters
not usually associated with variable names, like colons and
hyphens, see \citeA[p.~769]{TLC2}. An example of a
\entryname{string} entry is
\begin{verbatim}
@string{ JPSP = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology} }
\end{verbatim}
Then, if in a later entry, the journal is
\emph{Journal of Personality and Social Psychology}, you can format this
as
\begin{verbatim}
  journal = JPSP,
\end{verbatim}
instead of the usual
\begin{verbatim}
  journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
\end{verbatim}
This is not only convenient because it saves typing of common
long journal names (and reduces the likelihood of typos), but it can
also be used to define style-specific variations. For example, some
styles abbreviate journal names, such as
\emph{J.~Pers.\ Soc.\ Psych.}\hbox{} instead of
\emph{Journal of Personality and Social Psychology}.
You could then put the definitions of all full journal names
in one \fname{.bib} file (\fname{fulljou.bib}, say) and the definitions
of the abbreviated journal names in another (\fname{abbrjou.bib}, say).
Suppose that the information about the referenced works is stored in a
third file, say, \fname{myrefs.bib}, and that the ``NotAPA''
style rules, implemented in the \fname{notapa.bst} \BibTeX{} style file,
require the abbreviated journal names. Then you can use
\begin{verbatim}
\bibliographystyle{notapa}
\bibliography{abbrjou,myrefs}
\end{verbatim}
to obtain a reference list complying with the ``NotAPA'' rules. If
you change your mind and decide to switch to using the rules of the
APA manual, you only need to change the two lines above into
\begin{verbatim}
\bibliographystyle{apacite}
\bibliography{fulljou,myrefs}
\end{verbatim}
(and additionally load the \fname{apacite.sty} \LaTeX{} package
through \cmd{\usepackage}).

The remaining entry types are types that correspond with the
type of a referenced work, e.g., \entryname{book} or
\entryname{article}. These entry types (reference types) are
discussed in section~\ref{subsec:types} below.
Such entries have the following structure:
\mbox{}\vspace{0.7\baselineskip}\\
\verb+@+\opt{entryname}\verb+{+\opt{key}\verb+,+\\
$\mbox{}\qquad$\opt{fieldname1}\verb+ = +\opt{value1}\verb+,+\\
$\mbox{}\qquad$\opt{fieldname2}\verb+ = +\opt{value2}\verb+,+\\
$\mbox{}\qquad\qquad\vdots$\\
$\mbox{}\qquad$\opt{fieldnameN}\verb+ = +\opt{valueN}\verb+,+\\
\verb+}+
\mbox{}\vspace{0.7\baselineskip}\\
where \opt{key} corresponds to the key used in the citation
commands and matches the entry with the citation (and should
therefore be unique). The fieldnames are \verb+author+, \verb+year+,
etc., which are described in section~\ref{subsec:fields} below.
The values are strings, either defined previously by a
\entryname{string} entry or explicitly indicated as such here
by putting the relevant information between double quotes
(\verb+"+) or a pair of braces (\verb+{+ and \verb+}+).

To be able to obey the rules of the APA manual, \pkg{apacite}
provides several fields and reference types that are not
described in the standard \BibTeX{} documentation
\cite<e.g.,>[chap.~13]{TLC2}. Furthermore,
the meaning and usage of many fields and reference types that
\emph{are} described there have been altered somewhat. Therefore,
a complete description is given here.
The symbol \LC{} will be used to indicate that the field or
reference type is also described in \citeA[Appendix~B]{LaTeXbook},
\citeA[chap.~12]{KoDa04}, or \citeA[chap.~13]{TLC2}, although, as
mentioned above, the specific meaning of the item may have been
changed.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\subsection{Types of references}
\label{subsec:types}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
In this section, the list of reference types that are recognized by
\pkg{apacite} is given. An overview of which fields can be used for which
reference type is given in Table~\ref{tab:fieldref}. If fields are not
relevant, but you use them anyway in your \fname{.bib} file, they are ignored.
The fields and their use are described in more detail in
section~\ref{subsec:fields}, but here some specific issues will already be
mentioned.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{table}[p]
\centering
\caption{List of fields that are used by the various reference types
         (blank = not used; \X{} = used;
          \Y{} = used, but only for citations).}
\label{tab:fieldref}
\small
\makebox[0pt]{% some manipulation to squeeze the table onto the page
\newlength{\oldtabcolsep}
\setlength{\oldtabcolsep}{\tabcolsep}
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{2pt}
\begin{tabular}{@{}l@{}cccccccccc@{}}
\hline
 & \multicolumn{10}{c}{Reference type}\\
   \cline{2-11}
%
% Normally, I would use the sideways environment of the rotating
% package to format this nicely, but I do not want to require
% other packages to format this document, so I choose an uglier
% solution here.
%
 & article\\
 & magazine   &      &              &            &              &
 & phdthesis
 &
 & manual\\
Field
 & newspaper  & book & incollection & techreport & intechreport & lecture
 & mastersthesis
 & unpublished
 & misc
 & literal\\
\hline
address           &  &\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&  \\
annote            &  &  &  &  &  &  &  &  &  &  \\
author            &\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&  \\
booktitle         &  &  &\X&  &\X&  &  &  &  &  \\
chair             &  &  &  &  &  &\X&  &  &  &  \\
chapter           &  &  &\X&  &  &  &  &  &  &  \\
day               &\X&  &\X&\X&\X&\X&  &\X&\X&  \\
edition           &  &\X&\X&\X&\X&  &\X&  &\X&  \\
editor            &\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&  &  &\X&\X&  \\
englishtitle      &\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&  \\
firstkey          &\Y&\Y&\Y&\Y&\Y&\Y&\Y&\Y&\Y&\Y\\
howpublished      &\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&  \\
institution       &  &  &  &\X&\X&  &  &  &  &  \\
journal           &\X&  &  &  &  &  &\X&  &  &  \\
key               &\Y&\Y&\Y&\Y&\Y&\Y&\Y&\Y&\Y&\Y\\
lastchecked       &\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&  \\
month             &\X&  &\X&\X&\X&\X&  &\X&\X&  \\
note              &\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&  \\
number            &\X&\X&  &\X&\X&  &\X&\X&\X&  \\
organization      &  &  &  &  &  &  &  &\X&  &  \\
originaladdress   &\X&\X&\X&  &\X&  &  &  &  &  \\
originalbooktitle &\X&\X&\X&  &\X&  &  &  &  &  \\
originaledition   &\X&\X&\X&  &\X&  &  &  &  &  \\
originaleditor    &\X&\X&\X&  &\X&  &  &  &  &  \\
originaljournal   &\X&\X&\X&  &\X&  &  &  &  &  \\
originalnumber    &\X&\X&\X&  &\X&  &  &  &  &  \\
originalpages     &\X&\X&\X&  &\X&  &  &  &  &  \\
originalpublisher &\X&\X&\X&  &\X&  &  &  &  &  \\
originalvolume    &\X&\X&\X&  &\X&  &  &  &  &  \\
originalyear      &\X&\X&\X&\Y&\X&\Y&\X&\Y&\Y&\Y\\
pages             &\X&  &\X&  &\X&  &\X&  &  &  \\
publisher         &  &\X&\X&  &  &  &  &  &\X&  \\
school            &  &  &  &  &  &  &\X&  &  &  \\
series            &  &  &  &  &  &  &  &  &  &  \\
symposium         &  &  &  &  &  &\X&  &  &  &  \\
text              &  &  &  &  &  &  &  &  &  &\X\\
title             &\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&  \\
translator        &\X&\X&\X&\Y&\X&\Y&\Y&\Y&\Y&\Y\\
type              &\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&  \\
url               &\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&  \\
volume            &\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&  &\X&  &\X&  \\
year              &\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&\X&\Y\\
\hline
\end{tabular}%
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{\oldtabcolsep}
}
%
\end{table}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

The following entry types (reference types) are defined in \pkg{apacite}:
\begin{description}
    \item[\entryname{article}\LC] \mbox{}\\
        A journal article or comparable. If the
        ``article'' referenced to is a special issue of a journal or
        something else that has editors instead of authors, the
        \fieldname{author} field should be empty and the \fieldname{editor}
        field should be used for the editors. If the journal paginates
        by issue instead of by volume, or when you are referring to a
        whole special issue, the issue number should be given
        in the \fieldname{number} field. In all other cases (including
        referring to an article within a special issue), the
        \fieldname{number} field must not be used. The \fieldname{type}
        field can be used to denote the type of article, for example,
        ``\verb+Letter to the editor+'', or
        ``\verb+Review of the book \emph{Life in the middle}+''.

    \item[\entryname{magazine}] \mbox{}\\
        A magazine article. Unlike in early versions of \pkg{apacite},
        this is now equivalent to \entryname{article}. However, with
        an \entryname{article}, the \fieldname{month} and \fieldname{day}
        fields should generally not be used, unless there is a compelling
        reason to use them. For a magazine, the \fieldname{month}, and
        \fieldname{day} (for weeklies) fields are commonly used.

    \item[\entryname{newspaper}] \mbox{}\\
        A newspaper article. This is similar to \entryname{article} and
        \fieldname{magazine}, except that the pages are formatted a little
        different, with ``pp.~23--49'' instead of just ``23--49''.

    \item[\entryname{book}\LC] \mbox{}\\
        An entire book. The \fieldname{type} field can be used
        to denote a specific type of item (so generally not strictly
        a book), e.g., ``\verb+Brochure+''. Similarly, the
        \fieldname{number} field can be used if this is considered
        useful. (It is used in example 24 in the APA manual, see
        below.) This seems quite rare to me, however. It should
        certainly \emph{not} be used for ISBN numbers and the like.

    \item[\entryname{incollection}\LC] \mbox{}\\
        An article in a (usually edited) book, or other kind of larger
        work, except a report, for which the \entryname{intechreport}
        entry is used. The \fieldname{booktitle} field contains the
        title of the whole collection (book). The \fieldname{type}
        field is currently used to denote the type of article, as
        with the \entryname{article} reference type, although in some
        cases, it may be more naturally to let the \fieldname{type}
        field contain the type of the whole work (e.g., CD). Therefore,
        I may change this somewhat in future versions of \pkg{apacite}.

    \item[\entryname{techreport}\LC] \mbox{}\\
        A report. This may be a ``technical'' report such as published
        by universities, or a report from government organizations or
        private companies. The \fieldname{type} field can be used to
        indicate what kind of report it is, e.g.,
        ``\verb+College Board Rep.+'' or ``\verb+{DHHS} Publication+''.
        If the \fieldname{type} field is missing, the default type
        ``\verb+Tech.\ Rep.\hbox{}+'' is used. (The \verb+\hbox{}+
        ensures that \TeX{} does not view the period as the end of a
        sentence, which would insert too much space.) If no type
        description should
        be given, \verb+\bibnotype+ should be used as the contents of
        the \fieldname{type} field. The \fieldname{number} field can
        be used to give the report number. The organization that
        published the report should be given in the \fieldname{institution}
        field.

    \item[\entryname{intechreport}] \mbox{}\\
        An article in a (usually edited) report. This is more or less
        a combination of \entryname{incollection} and
        \entryname{techreport}. It uses the same fields as the former
        to describe the article itself, except \fieldname{type}, e.g.,
        \fieldname{booktitle}, which is in this case the title of the
        entire report,
        and the same fields as the latter to describe the report.
        In particular, the \fieldname{type}, \fieldname{number},
        and \fieldname{institution} fields are used for the report.

    \item[\entryname{lecture}] \mbox{}\\
        A paper presented at a meeting. According to the APA manual,
        the year and month should be given, but \pkg{apacite} also
        uses the \fieldname{day} field when available.
        The \fieldname{symposium} field can be used for the
        name of the symposium and the \fieldname{chair} field for the chair of
        the meeting. The \fieldname{howpublished} field should be used to
        indicate the occasion at which the paper was presented if the
        \fieldname{symposium} field is empty, e.g.,
        ``\texttt{Paper presented at the meeting of the American
                  Professional Society on the Abuse of Children}''.
        It can also be used to give additional information about
        the symposium if the \fieldname{symposium} field is not empty.

    \item[\entryname{phdthesis}\LC] \mbox{}\\
        A doctoral dissertation. The \fieldname{school} field is used
        to denote the university for which the thesis was written.
        The \fieldname{type} field can be used for the thesis type,
        e.g., ``\verb+PhD thesis+''. If it is empty, the default type
        is used, which is ``\verb+Unpublished doctoral dissertation+''
        or ``\verb+Doctoral dissertation+'', depending on whether
        the \fieldname{journal} field is empty or not.

        If the thesis is abstracted in \emph{Dissertation Abstracts
        International} or similar, then the \fieldname{journal},
        \fieldname{volume}, \fieldname{number}, and \fieldname{pages} fields
        can be used as with journal articles. The \fieldname{year} field
        should denote the year of the ``journal''.
        The \fieldname{originalyear} field should be used to denote the year
        of the original thesis, even if it is the same as the year of the
        abstract, provided that the original thesis is used, and not
        the abstract. Then, the \fieldname{school} field should also
        be used, and optionally the \fieldname{type} field. If only
        the abstract is used, it should presumably be treated as a
        journal article.


    \item[\entryname{mastersthesis}\LC] \mbox{}\\
        This is equivalent to the \entryname{phdthesis} type, except that
        the default ``unpublished'' and ``published'' \fieldname{type}s are
        ``\verb+Unpublished master's thesis+'' and
        ``\verb+Master's thesis+''.

    \item[\entryname{unpublished}\LC] \mbox{}\\
         For unpublished manuscripts and similarly ``obscure'' material.
         The \fieldname{howpublished} field will typically be used to
         indicate what kind of work is referred to (e.g.,
         ``\verb+Unpublished manuscript+''). The \fieldname{organization}
         field can be used to denote the organization in which the document
         was produced, e.g., ``\texttt{Johns Hopkins University, Center
         for Social Organization of Schools}''. Note that the larger
         organization should be given first and the department after that.
         The address (city and state, etc., see the discussion of the
         \fieldname{address} field in section~\ref{subsec:fields} below)
         of the organization should be given in the \fieldname{address}
         field, unless it is already mentioned in the name of the
         organization. Presumably, if the organization is
         ``\verb+University of Groningen+'', the city name ``Groningen''
         should not be given in the \fieldname{address} field, but
         the country ``The Netherlands'' should. When both the
         \fieldname{organization} and the \fieldname{address} field
         are available, \pkg{apacite} formats these as
         ``organization, address''. This is different from the
         usual ``address: publisher'' form. This behavior cannot
         explicitly be deduced from the 5th edition, nor from the
         4th edition, of the APA manual, but the 3rd edition
         \cite{APAManual3} gives an explicit example (example 53,
         p.~131): \citeA{APA-3rd-ed-ex53}.

    \item[\entryname{misc}\LC] \mbox{}\\
        For works that do not fit into the other categories, such as
        motion pictures, cassette recordings, computer software, etc.
        The \fieldname{type} field can be used to indicate the type
        of work, and \pkg{apacite} recognizes a few specific types
        that should be formatted a little differently, see the discussion
        of the \fieldname{type} field below. If the \fieldname{address}
        and \fieldname{publisher} fields are available, the address and
        publisher part is formatted as with books. The \entryname{unpublished}
        and \entryname{misc} types are very similar, but there are some
        differences. For example, \entryname{unpublished} uses the
        \entryname{organization} field and \entryname{misc} uses the
        \fieldname{publisher} field, and this part is formatted differently.
        Further, the \entryname{unpublished} type requires
        \fieldname{author}, \fieldname{editor}, \fieldname{title}, or
        \fieldname{type}, whereas with \fieldname{misc},
        \fieldname{howpublished} takes the first position if these fields
        are all empty. Finally, as briefly indicated above and discussed
        in more detail below, \entryname{misc} recognizes some special
        types in the \fieldname{type} field.

    \item[\entryname{literal}] \mbox{}\\
        If the other categories do not format the item correctly, this
        category can be used. The \fieldname{text} field is copied literally
        to the bibliography. The \fieldname{firstkey}, \fieldname{key},
        \fieldname{year}, and possibly \fieldname{originalyear} and
        \fieldname{translator} fields are necessary to get correct
        in-text citations. However, I have never needed to use this
        entry type and I think that \entryname{misc} should also
        be able to format the entry correctly. Furthermore, the
        correct placement of \entryname{literal} references in the
        reference list (alphabetizing, sorting), may be problematic.

    \item[\entryname{manual}\LC] \mbox{}\\
        This is treated as a \entryname{misc}, except that when the
        \fieldname{type} field is empty, it is assumed to be a
        \cmd{\bibcomputersoftwaremanual}. See also the description of
        the \fieldname{type} field below.

    \item[\entryname{booklet}\LC]
    \item[\entryname{inbook}\LC]
    \item[\entryname{inproceedings}\LC]
    \item[\entryname{proceedings}\LC] \mbox{}\\
        These categories are defined by all standard citation styles. They
        are, however, not needed for the examples in the APA manual. For
        compatibility, however, they are included and defined as follows:
        \entryname{booklet} = \entryname{proceedings} =
        \entryname{misc}; \entryname{inbook} = \entryname{inproceedings} =
        \entryname{incollection}. \citeA[p.~230]{KoDa04} also mention
        \entryname{conference} as being the same as \entryname{inproceedings};
        for compatibility, this is now supported in \pkg{apacite}.
\end{description}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\subsection{Fields}
\label{subsec:fields}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
The following fields can be used to describe a reference in the
\fname{.bib} file:
\begin{description}

    \item[\fieldname{address}\LC] \mbox{}\\%
       The address (usually the city and state or country) of the
       publisher, school, institution, or organization that published
       the item or at which the item was produced. The APA manual
       requires that the state or territory of a U.S.-city must be given
       in the official two-letter U.S. Postal Services form. Only for
       a specific list of 17 specific cities that are ``well known
       for publishing'' can (must) the state and/or country
       description be omitted.

    \item[\fieldname{annote}\LC] \mbox{}\\
       This is used in some annotated bibliography
       styles. It is not used by \pkg{apacite}, but no warning
       is given either. It is thus simply ignored.

    \item[\fieldname{author}\LC] \mbox{}\\
       The author(s) of the work. This may also be a corporate
       author when applicable, but some specific measures must
       then be taken to prevent the corporate name from being
       interpreted as a first name and last name
       (such as ``Association, A. P.''):
\begin{verbatim}
  author = {{\bibcorporate{American Psychological Association}}},
\end{verbatim}
       It is important to surround the \cmd{\bibcorporate}\marg{Author}
       by an additional pair of braces. Otherwise, \BibTeX{} sorts
       the entry as if its name was ``Bibcorporate\marg{Author}''.
       Section~\ref{sec:xmpl} contains more examples.

       As discussed in the standard \BibTeX{} documentation,
       multiple authors must be separated by the word \verb+and+,
       and each author's name can either be given in the form
       ``\opt{firstnames}\verb+ +\opt{lastnames}'' or
       ``\opt{lastnames}\verb+, +\opt{firstnames}''. However,
       ``von'' parts and ``junior'' parts complicate issues
       a bit. See the examples and the discussion of them.

       I would generally give the full first name(s) in the \fname{.bib}
       file, even though the APA manual only requires initials,
       because other styles require full first name(s) and
       \pkg{apacite} abbreviates to initials automatically.
       I have done this only occasionally with the examples,
       because the APA manual only gives the initials.
       Therefore, I have only provided first names with a few
       examples for which I knew the authors' first names.

       If there are more than 6 authors, the APA manual requires
       that the first 6 should be named in the reference list,
       followed by ``et al.''. Therefore, \pkg{apacite} uses
       only the names of the first 6 authors, and inserts an
       ``et al.\hbox{}'' when applicable. Therefore, in the \fname{.bib}
       file, the first 6 (or more) authors may be given (separated by
       ``\verb+and+''), followed by ``\verb+and others+''. This phrase
       is recognized by \pkg{apacite}.
       It is, however, better to give all authors in
       the \fname{.bib} file, so that each style can select its
       own truncation number.

    \item[\fieldname{booktitle}\LC] \mbox{}\\
       The title of the larger work, typically book, but sometimes
       something else, like a report, in which the referenced item
       (article) was published.

    \item[\fieldname{chair}] \mbox{}\\
       The chair(s) of a symposium or meeting. Used for lectures.
       It is formatted the same way as editors.

    \item[\fieldname{chapter}\LC] \mbox{}\\
       The chapter number if the referenced item is a chapter in
       a larger collection. Typically used if the referenced work
       is a chapter in an internet document. If the collection is
       a book, page numbers (in the \fieldname{pages} field)
       should be used instead according to the APA rules.

    \item[\fieldname{crossref}\LC] \mbox{}\\
       The \pkg{apacite} package does not recognize this field,
       because the APA manual does not discuss explicit
       cross-referencing. If the referenced work is a chapter
       (article) in an edited book, all relevant information
       should be given in the reference list as part of the
       information about the referenced chapter, not as, e.g.,
       ``In Wainrib (1992)''. If several chapters from the
       book edited by Wainrib are referenced, the same information
       about this book is given with each referenced chapter,
       and the work itself is not a separate entry in the reference
       list (unless it is explicitly referred to).

       However, the \fieldname{crossref} field
       \emph{can} be used, as part of standard \BibTeX{} usage.
       Missing fields for the referenced work are then copied from
       the cross-referenced entry, which must come \emph{after}
       the referring entry in the \fname{.bib} file. If you use
       this, remember to put the title of the book (also) in the
       \fieldname{booktitle} field, because the \fieldname{title}
       field of the referring entry is not empty (it contains
       the chapter title).

       I have not tested cross-referencing in detail, so I do not
       know whether it behaves well (i.e., complies with the implicit
       or explicit APA rules) under various circumstances.
       Therefore, I do not recommend using it without thorough
       testing.

    \item[\fieldname{day}] \mbox{}\\
       The day of the month on which the referenced item was published,
       produced, or presented. Mainly used for articles in daily or
       weekly magazines or newspapers, for lectures (although the
       APA manual only specifies the month), and electronic documents.

    \item[\fieldname{edition}\LC] \mbox{}\\
       The edition of the book or report. Traditionally, this is of the
       form ``1st'', ``2nd'', ``3rd'', etc., or ``Rev.'' for a revised edition.
       This form is still supported, but \pkg{apacite} now also supports
       the form in which only the number is given: ``1'', ``2'', etc.
       If \pkg{apacite} detects that only a number is given, it inserts
       ``\cmd{\PrintCardinal}\marg{number}'' in the \fname{.bbl} file.
       This \LaTeX{} function converts the number again to ``1st'', etc.
       The advantage of this is that the same bibliography database can be
       used for documents in different languages. At least in principle,
       because language-specific versions of \cmd{\PrintCardinal} have
       not yet been implemented in \pkg{apacite}.

    \item[\fieldname{editor}\LC] \mbox{}\\
       The editor(s) of a book, report, or special issue of a journal.
       In the examples, this field is also ``misused'' for the
       producer of a television series.

    \item[\fieldname{englishtitle}] \mbox{}\\
       The English translation of the title of an item with a non-English
       title. The APA manual requires that if the referenced work has a
       non-English title, an English translation should be given as well. For
       an article in a journal with a non-English name or in a book with a
       non-English title, the journal name or book title should not be
       translated or put in this field, only the title of the referenced work
       itself must be translated. Because, as of version
       \APACversiondate{2005/06/01}, \pkg{apacite} contains some support of
       other languages for the main document (see
       section~\ref{sec:compat-babel}), this field needs rethinking, which
       will be deferred to a future version (but, as always, suggestions
       are welcome).

    \item[\fieldname{firstkey}] \mbox{}\\
       The \fieldname{firstkey} field, if not empty, is used as
       ``author'' for the first citation to an item. Subsequent citations
       then use the \fieldname{key} field. This can be used if there is
       no author or editor field that can be used for citations, or in
       certain cases with corporate authors, where the citation in the
       text uses an abbreviation of the author's name for second and
       subsequent citations, where the abbreviation is introduced in the
       first citation. It can also be used to ``trick'' the system
       in difficult cases. See also \fieldname{key}.

    \item[\fieldname{howpublished}\LC] \mbox{}\\
       A description of how something was ``published''. For example,
       ``Unpublished manuscript'' or ``Paper presented at the meeting
       of the American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children''.
       Also used for more retrieval information about electronic
       documents, e.g., ``Retrieved November 19, 2000, from the
       PsycARTICLES database'', or
\begin{verbatim}
  howpublished = {Retrieved August 24, 2000, from Columbia University,
                  Institute for Learning Technologies Web site:
                  \url{http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/
                    publications/papers/newwine1.html}\bibnodot{.}}
\end{verbatim}
        However, if the retrieval information consists only of a
        date and/or a URL, it is better to use the \fieldname{lastchecked}
        and \fieldname{url} fields for this and let \pkg{apacite}
        format this information. See also the \fieldname{note} field
        for an alternative to the \fieldname{howpublished} field.

    \item[\fieldname{institution}\LC] \mbox{}\\
       The institution, university, or company that published a
       (technical) report.

    \item[\fieldname{journal}\LC] \mbox{}\\
       The journal, magazine, newspaper, etc.{} in which an
       article, a review, or an abstract of a thesis was published.

    \item[\fieldname{key}\LC] \mbox{}\\
       See \fieldname{firstkey}. The \fieldname{key} field, if not
       empty, is used for second and subsequent citations, or all citations
       if \fieldname{firstkey} is missing. If \fieldname{author} is
       empty and \fieldname{editor} is empty or can not be used as
       author (e.g., in \entryname{incollection}), the \fieldname{key}
       field may be necessary to obtain a useful citation. This is
       so, because the APA manual requires an abbreviation of the
       title as in-text citation, and the abbreviation must be
       sensible. In the current version, \pkg{apacite} uses the
       whole title if \fieldname{firstkey} and \fieldname{key} are missing.
       Therefore, if the title is considered too long to use in citations,
       the user must provide an abbreviation in the \fieldname{key} field.
       Furthermore, the user must then also define the formatting:
       If the key is used for a difficult kind of author (e.g.,
       corporate author), it should be formatted as an author,
       i.e., in plain text, with names capitalized.
       If the key is used for an abbreviation of an article
       title, it should be in plain text, with major words capitalized
       (unlike in the reference list), and between double quotes
       (`` and ''; also unlike in the reference list).
       If the key is used for an abbreviation of a book title, it
       should be emphasized, with major words capitalized
       (unlike in the reference list), but not between quotes.

       In a field in the \fname{.bib} file that is also
       used for the citations, such as the \fieldname{key} field,
       formatting through, e.g.,
\begin{verbatim}
  key = {{\itshape Text}},
  key = {{\em Text\/}},
\end{verbatim}
       can be done (note the extra pair of braces!), but the
       seemingly more logical variations
\begin{verbatim}
  key = {\textit{Text}},
  key = {{\textit{Text}}},
  key = {\emph{Text}},
  key = {{\emph{Text}}},
\end{verbatim}
       do not work.
       However, it is generally preferable to use as less explicit
       formatting in the \fname{.bib} files as possible, because this
       decreases the possibilities of successfully using the
       same \fname{.bib} file with other styles. The following works
       excellent:
\begin{verbatim}
  key = {{\APACcitebtitle{Text}}},
\end{verbatim}
       where the \cmd{\APACcitebtitle} macro recognizes that the argument
       should be formatted as a booktitle (i.e., in italics according to the
       APA rules). This macro, and its companion \cmd{\APACciteatitle} for
       article title formatting, are used by \pkg{apacite} if the
       \fieldname{firstkey} and \fieldname{key} fields are missing,
       but can also be used by the user. Note that if you use such a
       \fname{.bib} file with another style, you have to provide
       definitions of these macros yourself (which can be copied from
       the \pkg{apacite} source code).

       \emph{Warning:} the \fieldname{key} field, which acts
       as a kind of pseudo-author, should not be confused with the
       (citation) \opt{key} that is used to match citations with
       entries in a \fname{.bib} file.

    \item[\fieldname{lastchecked}] \mbox{}\\
       The date on which a web page was last visited. Only used in
       combination with the \fieldname{url} field. Currently,
       \pkg{apacite} does not contain language-specific code to
       dissect this date, but copies its contents literally to the
       \fname{.bbl} file. Hence, if you intend to use the same
       bibliography database for documents in different languages,
       you may have to use a self-defined command for this. You can
       use the \pkg{apacite} commands \cmd{\APACrefYearMonthDay}
       and \cmd{\APACmonth} as templates for this. I will probably
       provide such a facility in a future version of \pkg{apacite}.

    \item[\fieldname{month}\LC] \mbox{}\\
       The month something was published. Mainly used for
       magazine or newspaper articles, lectures, and electronic documents.
       Use the month macros \verb+jan+, \verb+feb+, etc. These are
       predefined strings in \fname{apacite.bst} and \fname{apacitex.bst},
       reverting to \verb+{\APACmonth{01}}+'', etc., with \verb+winter+,
       \verb+spring+, \verb+summer+, and \verb+fall+ being 13--16. The
       \cmd{\APACmonth} command translates the numbers to the month or
       season names. This system allows language-specific behavior at
       the \LaTeX{} stage, although \cmd{\APACmonth} has not yet been
       defined for non-English languages. This will be done in a future
       version of \pkg{apacite}. For the moment, you can easily do this
       yourself, using the default in \fname{apacite.sty} as a template.
       If desired, the macros can be overridden by using lines like
\begin{verbatim}
@string{jan = "januari"}
\end{verbatim}
       at the top of your \fname{.bib} file, but it seems better to redefine
       the \cmd{\APACmonth} command in your \LaTeX{} document.

    \item[\fieldname{note}\LC] \mbox{}\\
       A note. This puts additional information between parentheses
       at the end of a reference list entry. In the examples from
       the APA manual, it is used for NTIS No., ERIC No., and UMI No.,
       and for notes about how to obtain the work
       (``Available from \opt{organization}, \opt{full address}'').
       If however, the work has been obtained from the internet
       or from an ``aggregated database'', then the
       \fieldname{howpublished} or \fieldname{url} field should be
       used, because it should not be between parentheses then.

       Finally, the \fieldname{note} field is used to give the
       recording date (i.e., year) of a song when this is different
       from the date (year) of copyright. The latter should be
       put in the \fieldname{year} field.

       Do not use the \fieldname{note} field to denote the original
       publication of a reprint or translation, because the
       \fieldname{originalyear} field must be used in those cases to
       obtain the correct citation in the text \cite<e.g.,>{ex39}.

    \item[\fieldname{number}\LC] \mbox{}\\
       The number of a journal issue or a report. This can be quite
       complex, for example, ``\verb+PRM~92-01+'', or
       ``\verb+3, Pt.~2+'', or ``\verb+1, Serial No.~231+''.
       These latter examples imply that the generality (language and
       style independence) of the \fname{.bib} file is somewhat lost.
       Furthermore, if the journal paginates by year and not by issue,
       the issue number should not be mentioned at all (except when
       referring to a whole special issue). Of course, \pkg{apacite}
       does not know whether the journal paginates by issue or by year.
       If the \fieldname{number} field is available, \pkg{apacite}
       simply assumes that it should be included. It is the user's
       responsibility to ensure that this is indeed the case.

    \item[\fieldname{organization}\LC] \mbox{}\\
       Used for the \entryname{unpublished} reference type to denote
       the organization in which the unpublished work was produced.

    \item[\fieldname{originaladdress}]
    \item[\fieldname{originalbooktitle}]
    \item[\fieldname{originaledition}]
    \item[\fieldname{originaleditor}]
    \item[\fieldname{originaljournal}]
    \item[\fieldname{originalnumber}]
    \item[\fieldname{originalpages}]
    \item[\fieldname{originalpublisher}]
    \item[\fieldname{originalvolume}]
    \item[\fieldname{originalyear}] \mbox{}\\
        These (\fieldname{original*-}) fields have the same
        meaning as their counterparts without the ``original'' prefix,
        except that they refer to the book or journal in which the
        work was originally published. This can be used in referring to
        translations or reprints of articles in journals or books. If the
        original work is a book or other ``standalone'' work,
        only the \fieldname{originalyear} field should be used. If the
        original work is a (PhD or Master's) thesis that is also abstracted
        in \emph{Dissertation Abstracts International},
        \emph{Masters Abstracts International}, or comparable, the
        \fieldname{originalyear} field should be used to denote the year
        of the dissertation and the \fieldname{year} field to
        denote the year of publication of the abstract, even if they
        are the same.

    \item[\fieldname{pages}\LC] \mbox{}\\
        The (inclusive) page numbers of the article that is referred to,
        in the journal or book in which it was published. If a range of
        pages is given (which is usually the case), an  en-dash should
        be used: ``\verb+29--43+''. Other styles sometimes allow a
        single hyphen (``\verb+29-43+''), which is then automatically
        formatted as an en-dash (``29--43''), rather than as a hyphen
        (``29-43''), but I have encountered situations, such as software
        manuals (LISREL) and reports for the U.S. Government, in which
        the page number was of the form ``II-3'',
        meaning page~3 of chapter~2. In such a situation, you may
        get page numbers like ``II-1--II-15'', where the distinction
        between a hyphen and an en-dash becomes important. Therefore,
        \pkg{apacite} does not perform such automatic transformations.

    \item[\fieldname{publisher}\LC] \mbox{}\\
        The publisher of the item. Primarily used for books.

    \item[\fieldname{school}\LC] \mbox{}\\
        The school or university for which a PhD thesis or
        master's thesis was written.

    \item[\fieldname{series}\LC] \mbox{}\\
        Not used, although the APA manual has a rule for series.
        If you refer to a volume in a series, the series title,
        volume number, and volume title should be joined into
        a two-part title , e.g., \emph{Handbook of child psychology:
        Vol.~4. Socialization, personality, and social development},
        see ex.~36. In \pkg{apacite} this whole part must be put in
        the \fieldname{title} or \fieldname{booktitle} field
        (whichever is appropriate).

        For a long time, I have intended to support the
        \fieldname{series} field to allow disentangling such
        situations. However, in the end, I have decided not to
        do this. The reason for this is that, according to my
        interpretation, the meaning of ``series'' in the APA manual
        is quite different from the meaning of the \fieldname{series}
        field, as intended by Oren Patashnik (the author of \BibTeX{}
        and the original style files). Many books are published in
        some sort of series. For example, my book with Tom Wansbeek
        \cite{WaMe00}, is vol.~37 in the \emph{Advanced Textbooks
        in Economics} series, of which the series editors are
        C.~J. Bliss and M.~D. Intriligator. The intention of the
        \fieldname{series} field is to generate a reference list entry
        like
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{list}{\relax}{\labelsep=0em%
              \parsep=0pt%
              \itemsep=0pt plus .3pt\relax%
              \leftmargin=2.5em%
              \itemindent=-2.5em}%
\sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000
\sfcode`\.=1000\relax
\item
Wansbeek, T., \& Meijer, E.
\unskip\ \hskip .11em plus .33em minus .07em
(2000).
\unskip\ \hskip .11em plus .33em minus .07em
\Bem{Measurement error and latent variables in econometrics}
(Advanced Textbooks in Economics No.~37).
\unskip\ \hskip .11em plus .33em minus .07em
Amsterdam: North-Holland.
\end{list}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
        In economics (and often in psychology, I guess), mentioning
        the series usually does not add much relevant information,
        and it is therefore typically omitted. I think this is how
        the APA intends it as well. However, in computer science, it
        is often very convenient, because certain series, like Springer's
        \emph{Lecture Notes in Computer Science} (LNCS) have a certain
        status of their own, and researchers know how to find volumes
        in this series.

        In my interpretation, the APA ``series'' refers to a single
        multivolume work with separate editors for the constituent
        volumes, but with a series editor who initiates the whole
        series. In the example from the APA manual, the
        \emph{Handbook of child psychology} is not a loose collection
        of separate books by different authors, but a combined effort
        managed by the series editor to give an overview of the field.
        In this case, the series editor may be considered the primary
        author and it makes sense to have the different volumes of the
        series together in the reference list. With my book with
        Tom Wansbeek, the series editors act more like journal editors,
        and different volumes of the series are unrelated books that
        do not need to be gathered together in the reference list.
        It would make no sense to cite this book as
        ``Bliss, Intriligator, Wansbeek, \& Meijer (2000)''.

        Because in my interpretation, the usual meaning of the
        \fieldname{series} field should not be included in the
        reference list according to the APA rules, \pkg{apacite}
        ignores the \fieldname{series} field. Perhaps I'll
        implement the APA manual ``series'' rules by introducing
        a \fieldname{volumetitle} field, but this will further reduce
        compatibility with other citation styles.

    \item[\fieldname{symposium}] \mbox{}\\
        The name of the symposium or meeting at which a
        lecture was given. This is typically used for the
        construction ``In \opt{chair} (Chair), \opt{symposium}'',
        see ex.~51. I have never used it myself, however,
        I always use the ``Paper presented \dots'' form,
        which puts this information in the \fieldname{howpublished}
        field.

    \item[\fieldname{text}] \mbox{}\\
        Used for items of type \entryname{literal}. This field contains
        the complete literal text to be used in the bibliography.
        I've never used it.

    \item[\fieldname{title}\LC] \mbox{}\\
        The title of the work.

    \item[\fieldname{translator}] \mbox{}\\
        The translator of a book or article. This should
        be formatted in the same way as \fieldname{author} and
        \fieldname{editor}. If the \fieldname{translator} and
        \fieldname{editor} fields are identical, they are
        formatted as if there were only an editor, except that the
        editor receives the suffix ``(Ed. \& Trans.)'' instead of
        just ``(Ed.)'', or similarly if there is more than 1 editor.

    \item[\fieldname{type}\LC] \mbox{}\\
        The type of \entryname{phdthesis} (e.g.,
        ``Doctoral dissertation''), type of \entryname{article}
        (e.g., ``Letter to the editor''), type of \entryname{techreport}
        (e.g., ``DHHS Publication''), type of \entryname{book}
        (e.g., ``Brochure''), type of \entryname{misc}
        (e.g., ``Cassette recording''), and so forth.

        With a review (which is typically an \entryname{article}),
        the \fieldname{type} field contains a lot of information
        and formatting, e.g.:
\begin{verbatim}
  type = {Review of the book {\APACcitebtitle{Life in the middle:
            Psychological and social development in middle age}}},
\end{verbatim}
        where I used the \cmd{\APACcitebtitle} command introduced above in
        the discussion of the \fieldname{key} field.

        In one of the APA manual examples, I used the \fieldname{type}
        field to give a description of the subject of an unpublished
        raw data file (``Auditory response latencies in rat auditory
        cortex''), leaving the \fieldname{title} field blank.

        For most reference types, if the \fieldname{type} field
        is missing, it is simply ignored and no type description
        is given. For a \entryname{techreport}, however, if the
        \fieldname{type} field is missing, the default type
        (``Tech.\ Rep.\hbox{}'') is inserted. In ex.~42 of the APA manual,
        a report without a type description is given. To make it
        possible to format a report successfully without a
        type description, \pkg{apacite} recognizes
\begin{verbatim}
  type = {\bibnotype},
\end{verbatim}
        indicating that there should be no type description.

        Another special purpose use of the \fieldname{type}
        field is for a computer program, software, programming
        language and/or manual. These are put into a \entryname{misc}
        entry, but unlike other \entryname{misc} types (such as
        motion pictures) the titles of these types should not
        be italicized. This is now recognized by \pkg{apacite}
        in the following way: When referring to a computer program,
        software, programming language and/or manual, you should
        use the \entryname{misc} reference type with
        one of the following commands in the \fieldname{type} field:\\
        \cmd{\bibcomputerprogram},\\
        \cmd{\bibcomputerprogrammanual},\\
        \cmd{\bibcomputerprogramandmanual},\\
        \cmd{\bibcomputersoftware},\\
        \cmd{\bibcomputersoftwaremanual},\\
        \cmd{\bibcomputersoftwareandmanual}, or\\
        \cmd{\bibprogramminglanguage}.\\
        Using any of these commands as type designator of a
        \entryname{misc} entry ensures that the title is not italicized,
        as required. The \entryname{manual} entry is now equal to
        \entryname{misc} with default type \cmd{\bibcomputersoftwaremanual}
        if the \fieldname{type} field is empty.

        Similarly, if you refer to a message that has been posted to
        a newsgroup, internet forum, etc., you should use the
        \entryname{misc} reference type with \cmd{\bibmessage} as
        \fieldname{type} field.

    \item[\fieldname{url}] \mbox{}\\
       The web address of a web page. Used if the cited document (or
       other work) is a web page or was obtained from a website.

    \item[\fieldname{volume}\LC] \mbox{}\\
        The volume or volumes of the referenced book(s) or
        of the book in which the referenced article was published,
        or the volume of the journal (magazine, newspaper, \ldots)
        in which the referenced article was published.

    \item[\fieldname{year}\LC] \mbox{}\\
        The year in which the referenced item was published, or
        if it was not published, the year in which it was written
        or presented. For manuscripts or books that are accepted
        for publication but have not yet been published, ``in press''
        should be used according to the APA rules. The best way to do
        this is to use the ``\cmd{\BIP}'' command, which can be redefined
        by the user if the language or editorial style requires
        something else than ``in press''. Furthermore, \cmd{\BIP}
        is recognized by \pkg{apacite} and treated a little differently,
        because for multiple ``in press'' references with the same
        author(s), a hyphen (``-'') should be inserted between the
        ``year'' (i.e., ``in press'') and the ``a'', ``b'', etc., that
        follow it to distinguish the works, whereas this hyphen must
        be omitted if the ``year'' is an ordinary year (1991a, 1991b).

        If no date is explicitly given in (or on) the referenced work,
        a ``n.d.'' (no date) should be given as year description.
        For this, \pkg{apacite} supports the \cmd{\bibnodate}
        command. This sometimes leads to different formatting as well,
        e.g., by referencing a translation of a work of which there
        is no original date. Then the \fieldname{originalyear}
        field should be \cmd{\bibnodate} and the \fieldname{year} field
        is then, e.g., \verb+1931+. If the \fieldname{translator}
        field is not empty, the citation in the text is then formatted
        as, e.g., ``\citeA{3.100-2}''.
\end{description}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\subsection{Overriding the default sorting orders}
\label{subsec:sort}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Occasionally, it may be necessary to override \BibTeX's default sorting.
For example, the way \BibTeX{} handles accents and other nonstandard
characters, which is typically fine for documents in English, may
not be acceptable for documents in other languages:
``\verb+\"{u}+'' is treated as ``\verb+u+'', ``\verb+\ss+'' is treated as
``\verb+ss+'', and ``\verb+\ae+'' is treated as ``\verb+ae+''.
In non-English languages this sorting may not be appropriate and one
may desire that ``\verb+\"{u}+'' is treated as ``\verb+ue+''.
Numerous problems are caused by different conventions in different languages.
Some examples are given in the documentation of the \textsf{amsrefs}
package. Non-latin scripts (Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, Chinese, etc.) may not be
handled correctly as well. I am not able to judge this, nor does it seem
to be a problem that must be solved in \textsf{apacite}. It has been
announced that \BibTeX~1.0, when it will be released, will support
non-English languages as well.

An issue that occurs in English (APA) documents is that, according to
the APA, numbers should be sorted as if they were spelled in words:
``2003'' must be sorted as if it says ``\mbox{twothousandandthree}'';
see example~4.04 in section~\ref{sec:xmpl} below.

Overriding the default sorting order can be done by using the
\cmd{\APACSortNoop} command in the \fname{.bib} file. This is a \LaTeX{}
command provided by \pkg{apacite}. It has one mandatory argument, but it
outputs nothing. However, \BibTeX{} does not know this and uses the
contents of this command to sort the entry. For example,
\begin{verbatim}
  author = {M{\"{u}}ller, Gerd},
\end{verbatim}
is sorted as ``\verb*+muller  g+'', whereas
\begin{verbatim}
  author = {{\APACSortNoop{Mueller}}M{\"{u}}ller, Gerd},
\end{verbatim}
is sorted as ``\verb*+muellermuller  g+'', which typically results
in the correct ordering. In the typeset document, both look like
``M{\"{u}}ller''. Note that the extra pair of braces around the
\cmd{\APACSortNoop} command are necessary to suggest to \BibTeX{}
that it is an ``accent''. The specification
\begin{verbatim}
  author = {\APACSortNoop{Mueller}M{\"{u}}ller, Gerd},
\end{verbatim}
is sorted as ``\verb*+apacsortnoopmuellermuller  g+'', which is
incorrect.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{Customization}
\label{sec:custom}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
The description in the previous sections, with the exception of
section~\ref{sec:options}, primarily discussed the default behavior of
\pkg{apacite}. However, as mentioned in the introduction, in addition to the
options, \pkg{apacite} offers many possibilities for customization. Most
punctuation used in the citations and reference list are implemented through
\LaTeX{} commands instead of explicit symbols. Consequently, the user can
fine-tune the behavior of \pkg{apacite} by redefining these commands, through
\cmd{\renewcommand} after \pkg{apacite} has been loaded. Analogously, most
fixed texts, like ``Tech.\ Rep.\hbox{}'' and ``Eds.\hbox{}'' are implemented
through \LaTeX{} commands as well, and can similarly be changed by the user.
The commands used by \pkg{apacite} are discussed in this section. Of course,
the defaults are based on the rules of the APA manual.

Some commands, predominantly punctuation, are used both in citations and in
the reference list. If you want their definitions in citations to be different
from their definitions in the reference list, you can simply redefine their
definitions before starting the bibliography.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\subsection{Punctuation and small formatting issues}
\label{sec:custom-punct}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
The following punctuation commands are provided and used for
the citations and reference list.
\begin{description}
  \item[\cmd{\BAstyle}] This defines the text style of the authors
      (or whatever takes their place) for an in-text citation. It
      defaults to nothing: The authors use the same fonts as the
      text surrounding it. Introduced because some journals use
      a different style. For example, \emph{Statistica Neerlandica}
      uses small-caps, so for that journal, you would define
\begin{verbatim}
\renewcommand{\BAstyle}{\scshape}
\end{verbatim}
      Do not use the \cmd{\textsc}-type commands, but \cmd{\scshape},
      \cmd{\bfseries}, etc. The \cmd{\BAstyle} command is used for
      the author-part by the citation commands
      \cmd{\cite},   \cmd{\shortcite},   \cmd{\fullcite},
      \cmd{\citeA},  \cmd{\shortciteA},  \cmd{\fullciteA},
      \cmd{\citeNP}, \cmd{\shortciteNP}, and \cmd{\fullciteNP}.

  \item[\cmd{\BAastyle}] This is the same as \cmd{\BAstyle}, except that
      \cmd{\BAastyle} is used for \cmd{\citeauthor}, \cmd{\shortciteauthor},
      and \cmd{\fullciteauthor}.

  \item[\cmd{\BBOP}] Open parenthesis, used for parentheses opening
      a citation, as in ``(Rao, 1973)'' or ``Rao (1973)'', and the
      year in the reference list, as in ``Rao, C. R. (1973).''
      Default is ``\verb+(+''.

  \item[\cmd{\BBCP}] The corresponding closing parenthesis.
      Default is ``\verb+)+''.

  \item[\cmd{\BAP}] This command is inserted after the prefix and before
      the first citation in a \cmd{\cite} command. It defaults to an
      ordinary space.

  \item[\cmd{\BBAA}] Last ``and'' between authors in a citation
      between parentheses and in the reference list, as in
      ``(Mooijaart \& Bentler, 1986)'' or ``Mooijaart, A., \&
      Bentler, P. M. (1986).''. Default is ``\verb+\&+''.

  \item[\cmd{\BBAB}] Last ``and'' between authors in a citation in text,
      as in ``Mooijaart and Bentler (1986)''. Default is ``\verb+and+''.

  \item[\cmd{\BBAY}] Punctuation between author(s) and year in a citation
      between parentheses, as in ``(Rao, 1973)''. Default is ``\verb+, +''.

  \item[\cmd{\BBYY}] \label{cmd:BBYY}
      Punctuation between two subsequent years, if two works
      by the same author(s) are referenced in a single citation command,
      as in ``(Rao, 1965, 1973)'' or ``Rao (1965, 1973)''.
      Default is ``\verb+, +''.

  \item[\cmd{\BBC}] Punctuation between multiple cites, as in
      ``(Rao, 1973; Mooijaart \& Bentler, 1986)''.
      Default is ``\verb+; +''.

  \item[\cmd{\BBN}] Punctuation before a note (postfix) after
      a citation, as in ``(Rao, 1973, chap.~2)''.
      Default is ``\verb+, +''.

  \item[\cmd{\BBOQ}] Opening quote for an article title in the
      reference list, as in
      ``\flqq Random polynomial factor analysis.\frqq'' Default is
      the empty string: no quotes used.

  \item[\cmd{\BBCQ}] Closing quote for an article title in the
      reference list. Default is the empty string.
      (The \pkg{theapa} package required the closing period to be part
      of the closing quote, but this has been
      changed, because the period must be left out if title comments,
      such as type, English translation of non-English title, or
      translator follow the title.)

  \item[\cmd{\BPBI}] Period between initials. Default is ``\verb+.~+'',
      i.e., a period and a non-breaking space, as required by the APA
      manual. However, many users prefer removing or reducing the space
      and in some non-English speaking countries this is customary. This
      can be achieved by redefining this command to, e.g., ``\verb+.+''
      (no space) or ``\verb+.\,+'' (small space). This command cannot
      be used to remove periods altogether, because there is still a
      period at the end. I.e., redefining it as an empty string gives
      awkward results like ``Bentler, PM., \& Mooijaart, A.''.

  \item[\cmd{\BHBI}] Hyphen between initials. Introduced for analogy with
      \cmd{\BPBI} and used for authors who have two or more first names
      with a hyphen between them, e.g., Jean-Paul Sartre. Default is
      ``\verb+.-+'', i.e., a period and a hyphen. Unlike \cmd{\BPBI},
      I think this one will not be changed often, although \BibTeX{}
      suppresses hyphens when it suppresses spaces between initials
      as well, so there are people who have different preferences.
      (Hence, \pkg{apacite} partly bypasses the standard \BibTeX{}
      formatting functions to make this work.)

  \item[\cmd{\BCBT}] Comma between authors in the reference section when
      the number of authors is two, as in
      ``Mooijaart, A., \& Bentler, P.~M. (1986).'' The comma
      after the ``A.'' is this one. Default is ``\verb+,+''.
      The APA manual requires it, but other styles leave out this
      comma. In such a case, you would redefine this ``comma'' to
      be the empty string:
\begin{verbatim}
\renewcommand{\BCBT}{}
\end{verbatim}

  \item[\cmd{\BCBL}] Comma before the last author (for 3 or more authors)
      in a citation and in the reference section, as in ``(Gill, Murray,
      \& Wright, 1981)'' or ``Gill, P.~E., Murray, W., \& Wright, M.~H.
      (1981).'' Default is ``\verb+,+''. The APA manual requires it,
      which is standard U.S. usage, but other styles, particularly
      European, such as British English, leave out this comma. Again,
      in such a case, you would redefine this ``comma'' to
      be the empty string.

  \item[\cmd{\BAnd}] This is the ``and'' that is used in the reference list
      if someone is both editor and translator:
      ``In J. Strachey (Ed. \& Trans),''. Default is ``\verb+\&+''.

  \item[\cmd{\theBibCnt}] If there are multiple citations with the same
      author and year, a letter should be added to the year to distinguish
      the references. For example, one may refer to two or more articles
      by J. Smith published in 1982. They should be referred to as
      ``Smith (1982a)'', ``Smith (1982b)'', and so forth. To accomplish
      this, the counter \verb+BibCnt+ is defined in \fname{apacite.sty}.
      The \cmd{\theBibCnt} command defines how the value of \verb+BibCnt+
      is formatted. The default is ``\verb+\alph{BibCnt}+''. To
      emphasize (italicize) the ``a'', ``b'', etc., you can redefine
      this as
\begin{verbatim}
\renewcommand{\theBibCnt}{{\em\alph{BibCnt}\/}}
\end{verbatim}
      (This presumably works better than ``\verb+\emph{\alph{BibCnt}}+''.)
      To control this behavior, redefining the \cmd{\theBibCnt} command
      should normally be sufficient. However, the complete formatting
      commands are \cmd{\BCnt}, \cmd{\BCntIP}, and \cmd{\BCntND}. The
      second of these is for ``in press'' works, which need an extra hyphen
      between ``in press'' and the ``a'' and ``b'' suffixes. The third is
      similar, for works without a date. Their default definitions
      in \fname{apacite.sty} are
\begin{verbatim}
\newcommand{\BCnt}[1]{\setcounter{BibCnt}{#1}\theBibCnt}
\newcommand{\BCntIP}[1]{\setcounter{BibCnt}{#1}-\theBibCnt}
\newcommand{\BCntND}[1]{\setcounter{BibCnt}{#1}-\theBibCnt}
\end{verbatim}

  \item[\cmd{\APACciteatitle}] The formatting of the title of an
      article (or similar work)
      when used as a citation in the text when no author or editor
      is available for that purpose. Its default definition
      in \fname{apacite.sty} is
\begin{verbatim}
\newcommand{\APACciteatitle}[1]{``#1''}
\end{verbatim}
      i.e., the title is put between double quotes.

  \item[\cmd{\APACcitebtitle}] The formatting of the title of a book
      (or other independent work)
      when used as a citation in the text when no author or editor
      is available for that purpose. Its default definition
      in \fname{apacite.sty} is
\begin{verbatim}
\newcommand{\APACcitebtitle}[1]{{\em #1\/}}
\end{verbatim}
      i.e., the title is emphasized (in italics) but not put between
      double quotes.

  \item[\cmd{\APACmetastar}] The asterisk that precedes an item in the
      bibliography to denote that it is included in the meta-analysis.
      The default value is ``\verb+\ensuremath{{}^\ast}+'', which
      prints as ``\APACmetastar''.

  \item[\cmd{\bibnewpage}] If the \pkgoption{bibnewpage} option
      is chosen, this command is included before the bibliography.
      Its default definition is \cmd{\clearpage}, but \fname{apa.cls}
      uses a similar construction with its \pkgoption{man} option
      through \cmd{\newpage}.
      See \citeA[p.~215]{LaTeXbook} or \citeA[p.~37]{KoDa04} for the
      differences between \cmd{\clearpage} and \cmd{\newpage}.

  \item[\cmd{\bibliographytypesize}] This command is used before
      the reference list, but after the section or chapter heading.
      It is intended for the font size of the reference list:
      For \citeA{WaMe00}, I defined it as \cmd{\small} (and even then
      the reference list took up 34 pages). The default value is
      \cmd{\normalsize}.

  \item[\cmd{\bibleftmargin}] This gives the indentation of the second
      and subsequent lines of a reference list entry, relative to the
      usual left margin. It is not a proper command, but a
      ``skip'' (rubber length), which means that it cannot be changed by
      \cmd{\renewcommand}, but by \cmd{\setlength}. Its default
      value is \verb+2.5em+.

  \item[\cmd{\bibindent}] This gives the indentation of the first
      line of a reference list entry, relative to the second line.
      It is also a ``skip''. Its default value is \verb+-\bibleftmargin+,
      which means that the first line starts at the original left margin,
      and the second and subsequent lines are indented by 2.5em.

  \item[\cmd{\bibitemsep}] This gives the vertical separation
      between two reference list entries. It is also a ``skip'', with
      default value ``\verb+\z@ \@plus .3\p@\relax+'', i.e., 0pt,
      but it may be stretched a little to fill the page nicely.
      This is an old (Plain \TeX) style definition, I will probably
      change that in a next version. If you want to change it,
      e.g., to get a blank line between reference list entries,
      you can use
\begin{verbatim}
\setlength{\bibitemsep}{\baselineskip}
\end{verbatim}
  \item[\cmd{\bibparsep}] This gives the vertical separation
      between two paragraphs in the same reference list entry. Such a
      situation does not occur in the default setup, so it is not
      used, but it is conceivable that certain customizations lead
      to its use. It is a ``skip'' with default value 0pt.
\end{description}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\subsection{Labels}
\label{subsec:labels}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
There are many specific pieces of text that can be put into the reference
list or a citation by \pkg{apacite}. Here, these pieces are called
\emph{labels}. Almost all of these are to some extent language-specific, and
sometimes style-specific even within the same language. Therefore, they are
implemented through \LaTeX{} commands, so that users can easily change them.
In this section, these commands and their purposes are described, and their
(U.S.\ English) defaults are given. Section~\ref{sec:compat-babel} below will
discuss how these commands are changed if another language is used.

The following label commands are used:
\begin{description}
  \item[\cmd{\bibmessage}] This is the first of 9 specific type
      commands that are recognized by \pkg{apacite}. If you
      define the \fieldname{type} field of a \entryname{misc}
      entry as ``\cmd{\bibmessage}'', the formatting of the
      entry is changed (e.g., the title is not italicized),
      see the discussion of the \fieldname{type} field in
      section~\ref{subsec:fields} above. This one is used for
      messages in newsgroups, internet forums, etc.
      Default is ``\verb+Msg+''.

  \item[\cmd{\bibcomputerprogram}]
      Default is ``\verb+Computer program+''.

  \item[\cmd{\bibcomputerprogrammanual}]
      Default is ``\verb+Computer program manual+''.

  \item[\cmd{\bibcomputerprogramandmanual}]
      Default is ``\verb+Computer program and manual+''.

  \item[\cmd{\bibcomputersoftware}]
      Default is ``\verb+Computer software+''.

  \item[\cmd{\bibcomputersoftwaremanual}]
      Default is ``\verb+Computer software manual+''.

  \item[\cmd{\bibcomputersoftwareandmanual}]
      Default is ``\verb+Computer software and manual+''.

  \item[\cmd{\bibprogramminglanguage}]
      Default is ``\verb+Programming language+''.

  \item[\cmd{\bibnotype}]
      This one is a bit different from the previous 8. It is used for
      \entryname{techreport} entries to indicate that the type specifier
      should be suppressed. Its default value is the empty string, but this
      will not have an effect on \pkg{apacite} behavior, because the type
      specifier is suppressed anyway by \pkg{apacite}. However, by defining it
      as the empty string, formatting may become better (i.e., closer to the
      desired formatting) with other styles.

  \item[\cmd{\bibnodate}]